MBARI Scripps

1. Introduction to Oceanography MBARI Scripps Moss Landing San Diego

2. Oceanography • The Science or Study of the Oceans • Geological Oceanography • Physical Oceanography • Chemical Oceanography • Biological Oceanography

3. Geological Oceanography • Study of earth at edge of ocean • Formation processes (seafloor) • Sediments • Rocks & minerals • Geothermal vents

4. Physical Oceanography • How & why oceans move • Weather • Heat transfer • Water cycles • Waves, tides, currents • Temperature

5. Chemical Oceanography • Composition & history of seawater • Seawater processes & interactions • Salinity • Dissolved gases • Nutrients

6. Biological Oceanography • Living organisms • Organisms relationships with each other and their environment

7. Marine Sediments (geological) • created by • Living Organisms (biological) • That are influenced by • Nutrients (chemical) • and • Currents & Temperature (physical)

8. History of Oceanography

9. Early Times • Paleolithic and Neolithic periods • Hunting and food gathering: • Ohlone Indians on Central Coast of California • The Egyptians • Offshore fishing • Exploration- reed boats • The Phoenicians • Trade • Navy

10. Early Explorers and Traders • Ancient Civilizations (1500 BC – 500 AD) • Interest in oceans driven by need to food and trading • Egyptians - shipbuilding and coastal piloting • Phoenicians – North Africa, excellent sailors; explored the Mediterranean, traded with Britain, • May have circumnavigated Africa around 600 BC • Arabs explored the Indian Ocean • Polynesians – explored Pacific Ocean

11. From the ninth to sixth centuries B.C. they dominated the Mediterranean Sea, establishing emporiums and colonies from Cyprus in the east to the Aegean Sea, Italy, North Africa, and Spain in the west.

13. Pharos Lighthouse at Alexandria One of seven wonders of the ancient world Recently found by marine archeologists

14. Ancient Classical Knowledge • Greeks: an intellectual curiosity about the oceans • Aristotle (~350 BC) • Treatise on marine organisms, • observations of water cycle (hydrologic cycle) • Library of Alexandria founded in 3rd century BC. • housed “world’s knowledge” • Eratosthenes (~ 200 BC): • • 2nd librarian at Alexandria • • Calculated earth’s circumference • • Invented latitude and longitude lines

15. Eratosthenes

16. Possible origin of “Atlantis” as volcanic eruption and tsunamis destroyed Minoan civilization near Crete Fresco from the Palace of King Minos 1500BC

18. The Polynesians: Explorers of the Pacific Ocean Polynesian Double-Hulled Canoe

19. Dual hulled boats carried 100 people Skilled navigation 􀂃 wave action 􀂃 bird flight 􀂃 stars 􀂃 atmospheric conditions Polynesian double hull canoe

20. Polynesian Sailing Canoes

22. Polynesian Stick Map

23. Migration routes of the Polynesians

24. Goal: Water Person Hawaiian Style Hawaiians invented surfing

25. Easter Island: deforested Civilization collapses

26. Middle (Dark) Ages 400s – 1400s in Europe Extreme superstition Fear of intellectual inquiry Much information lost Map of Europe 600 AD

27. Vikings Improvements in shipbuilding Trade and colonization Arabs Description of currents associated with seasonal monsoon Trade routes to China Preserved Greek and Roman knowledge China Compass Trade routes to Persian Gulf Europe Increased knowledge of navigation Tide tables The Middle Ages

28. In 1405, Chinese sent 62 ships to explore the Indian and Pacific Oceans

30. Vikings Age of Exploration 800-1066 AD Discovered North America 500 years before Columbus Leif Erickson

31. Viking Long Boat

32. Fig. 1.5

33. Modern day Vikings

34. Vikings where did they go? Vikings view of their Inuit Neighbors

35. Ptolemy’s Map of the World 150AD

36. Ptolemy’s Map • Fig. 1.4 Still in use 1500 AD

37. Age of Exploration 1480-1610

38. Voyages of Discovery • Early Chinese • Exploration of the Pacific and Indian Oceans • Europe • Prince Henry the Navigator • Naval observatory • Vasco da Gama • Christopher Columbus • Ferdinand Magellan • Sir Martin Frobisher • Francis Drake

39. Fifteenth century routes of Bartholomew Diaz, Vasco da Gama, and Christopher Columbus

40. Columbus: Hero or ? “Gold is most excellent; gold constitutes treasure; and he who has it does all he wants in the world, and can even lift souls up to Paradise.” – Christopher Columbus, 1503 letter to the king and queen of Spain.

41. Navigational Chart of northern Europe from Johannes van Keulen’s Sea Atlas of 1682-1684

42. Sixteenth Century circumnavigation routes of Ferdinand Magellan and Sir Francis Drake

43. Sir Francis Drake Great Explorer or Sea Devil?

45. The Importance of Charts and Navigational Information • Trade, travel, and exploration • First hydrographic offices • France, 1720 • Britain, 1795 • Relationship between time and longitude • John Harrison; first chronometer

46. The Importance of Charts and Navigational Information • Voyages of James Cook • Benjamin Franklin • Chart of Gulf Stream • National and commercial interests • U.S. Survey of the Coast set up in 1830 (now known as the U.S. Naval Oceanographic Office)

47. James Cook (1728 – 1779) 3 major voyages mapped South Pacific, coasts of New Zealand, Australia and N America, “discovered” Hawaiian Islands

48. Cook’s Voyages

49. Ben Franklin’s Gulf Stream Map

50. Why did Benjamin Franklin make his map? • First Postmaster General of U.S., he wanted to speed the mails across the Atlantic. “Dost thou love life? Then do not squander time, for that's the stuff life is made of.” • “You may delay but time will not.” • Benjamin Franklin