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Chapter 32

This chapter provides an introduction to the characteristics of animals, including their multicellular nature, specialization, and ability to move. It also explores the two categories of animals - invertebrates and vertebrates - and their respective functions and body symmetry. The chapter further explains the origin and classification of animals, as well as the use of cladograms and binomial nomenclature. It concludes with an overview of the characteristics and development of invertebrates and vertebrates.

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Chapter 32

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  1. Chapter 32 Introduction to Animals

  2. Characteristics • Multicellular • Specialization (cells, tissue, organs, and organ systems = particular function) • Heterotrophs – ingestion • Sexual and Asexual reproduction – zygote and differentiation • Movement – most have ability to move

  3. 2 Categories • Invertebrates - no backbone • Over 95% of all animals • Insects, Worms, Jellies, Sea Stars, Etc. • Vertebrates - backbone • Other 5% • Fish, Amphibian, Reptile, Bird, Mammal

  4. Animal Functions • Feeding - most ingest • Respiration - take in O2 & give off CO2 • Circulation - move oxygen, nutrients, waste, water thru body • Excretion - wastes (ammonia) • Response - respond to environ. thru nerve cells • Movement - thru muscles • Reproduction - most sexual, some asexual

  5. Body Symmetry • Asymmetry - no symmetry • Sponges only • Radial - body parts repeat around center of body (many ways to divide into equal halves) • Sea star, sea anemone, jellyfish • Bilateral - one way to divide body in half (left, right, front, back) • All other animals

  6. Body Symmetry

  7. Symmetry

  8. Origin and Classification • First animals probably arose in the sea • Invertebrates – first multicellular animals; evolved from protists • Cell speciation • Scientists use a branching diagram to show how animals are related through evolution (pg. 653): Phylogenic Diagram

  9. Phylogenic Diagram

  10. Evolutionary Relationships • Smaller the category the more related the organisms are: • DNA & RNA sequences • Shared a common ancestor • Use cladograms to show evolutionary relationships

  11. Cladogram

  12. Cladogram • Closer together on cladogram = the more closely related • Ex: bird & croc close • Ex: bird & shark not close

  13. Binomial Nomenclature • Carolus Linnaeus - Swedish botanist 1700’s • 2 word naming system • Latin, Italicized, first word capitalized • Ex: Ursus maritimus - polar bear • Ursus = genus (closely related species -bears) • 2nd name = species - describes a trait

  14. Binomial Nomenclature • Ursus maritimus • Ursus arctos

  15. Classification System • Largest to smallest: • Kingdom (Ken) • Phylum (Poured) • Class (Coffee) • Order (On) • Family (Fred’s) • Genus (Green) • Species (Shirt)

  16. Kingdom • Largest • Linnaeus 2 kingdoms: plant & animal • Current 6 Kingdoms: Archaebacteria, Eubacteria, Plant, Animal, Fungi, Protist

  17. Invertebrate Characteristics • Radial or bilateral symmetry • Segmentation • Simple skeletons (sponge), exoskeletons, fluid-filled pressure • Gas exchange across body covering or through gills • Open or closed circulatory system • Digestion by individual cells or through gut • Simple to diverse nervous systems • Sexual and asexual reproduction • Indirect (laval stage) or Direct (looks like adult) development

  18. Vertebrate Characterisitis • Backbone – vertebrae (segmented) • Endoskeleton • Bilateral symmetry • Integument (outer covering of skin) • Gills = aquatic vertebrates • Lungs = terrestrial verts • Digestion = gut and associated organs • Highly organized brains and nervous system • External (fish/amphibians) and Internal Fertilization • External development and Internal development (placental)

  19. Fertilization and Development • Book work

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