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KINE 6/8300 Human Locomotion

KINE 6/8300 Human Locomotion. Human Locomotion. Lecture Instructor: C. Armstrong Phone: 530 – 5369 Office: HHS - 2503 Email: charles.armstrong@utoledo.edu

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KINE 6/8300 Human Locomotion

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  1. KINE 6/8300Human Locomotion

  2. Human Locomotion Lecture Instructor: C. Armstrong Phone: 530 – 5369 Office: HHS - 2503 Email: charles.armstrong@utoledo.edu Text:Whittle, Michael, Gait Analysis - An Introduction, 3rd Edition, Butterworth-Heinman Pub….Amazon, Barnes+Noble, etc.

  3. Human Locomotion Objectives: #1 To provide students with an understanding of the biomechanical principles that form the basis for human locomotion #2 To provide students with an understanding of the kinematic, temporal/spatial, kinetic, and electromyographic characteristics of normal human locomotion. #3 To provide students with a general overview of the influence on gait of selected pathological conditions. #4 To provide students with an understanding of the technical procedures involved in the analysis of human gait.

  4. Human Locomotion Date Topic Reading Assignment 8/25 Course Introduction - Historical Perspective 9/1 Basics of Gait and Research Basic Sciences and Normal Gait 9/8 Determinants of Gait and Phasic Considerations Terminology, timing, determinants 9/15 Normal Gait – Kinematics: Motion Patterns The Gait Cycle 9/22 2-D GaitTrak Lab GaitTrack Manual – Assigned Reading 9/29 Normal Gait – Kinetics: Forces, Moments and Powers GRF Moments, etc. 10/6 3-D OrthoTrak Lab OTManual – Assigned Reading 10/13 Normal Gait - Muscle patterns Muscular Activity 10/20 Gait EMG Lab 10/27 Biomechanics of Running 11/3 Energetics of Locomotion Gait in Rehabilitation – Chapter 4 11/10 Pathological Gait Pathological Gait 11/17 Gait Across the Lifespan Gait in the Young...Elderly and Gait in Rehab – Chaps 7 and 8 11/24 No Class – Thanksgiving Break 12/1 Case Study 12/8 Case Study 12/15 Case Study

  5. Human Locomotion Readings: Gait Analysis- An Introduction, Whittle – class text Gait in Rehabilitation, Smidt – Chapters On-Line GT and OT Manuals – Chapters On-Line Assignments: #1 Research Paper - 50 % #2 Case Study - 50%

  6. The Study of HumanLocomotion Historical Perspective

  7. Significant Periods • Antiquity - 650 B.C. - 200 A.D. • Middle Ages - 200 A.D. - 1450 A.D. • Italian Renaissance 1450 A.D. - 1600 A.D. • Scientific Revolution 1600 A.D. - 1730 A.D. • Enlightenment 1730 A.D. - 1800 A.D. • The Gait Century 1800 A.D. - 1900 A.D. • The 20th Century 1900 A.D. – 1980 A.D. • The Computer Age 1900 A.D………present

  8. Significant People/Events Pythagoras - all phenomena expained by numbers Hipprocrates - Scientific method applied to medicine Aristotle - Wrote “About the Movement of Animals” Herophilos - Foundation of modern anatomy Archimedes - Math and mechanics, C of G., buoyancy Galen - Sports Medicine Doc, “On the Use of Parts”, “On the Movements of Muscles” Antiquity - 650 B.C. - 200 A.D.

  9. Antiquity - 650 B.C. - 200 A.D. Instruction concerning a dislocation of a vertebra of the neck: “if you examine a man having a dislocation of the a vertebra of his neck, should you find him unconscious of his arms and legs on account of it......then you should say an ailment which cannot be treated “ Edwin Smith Papyrus (1800) – Egyptian circa 600 BC

  10. Antiquity - 650 B.C. - 200 A.D.Relevance to the study of Locomotion • Separation of Knowledge and Myth • Mechanical and Mathematical Paradigms developed • Anatomical Paradigms developed • First Biomechanical Analysis of Human Movement

  11. The Middle Ages - 200 A.D. - 1450 A.D. • Significant People/Events • Spiritualism diminished scientific inquiry • St. Augustine - “the only type of knowledge to be desired was the knowledge of God and the soul” • Arab scholars saved the work of the Antiquity period by translating the works into Arabic

  12. The Middle Ages - 200 A.D. - 1450 A.DRelevance to the Study of Locomotion • Interest in anatomy, physiology, and locomotion discouraged. • Greek and Roman Art depiction of human movement remained

  13. The Renaissance - 1450 A.D. - 1600 A.D. • Significant People/Events • Individual genius flourished • Leonardo da Vinci - artist, scientist; anatomical studies of bone, muscle, nerve through dissection. He described the mechanics of the body during standing, walking up and downhill, rising from a sitting position, jumping, and human gait. • Versalius - described muscle function and related to movement, advocated human dissection

  14. The Renaissance - 1450 A.D. - 1600 A.D. Borelli – Estimated the center of mass of nude men by having them stretch out on a rigid platform supported on a knife edge. The platform was then repositioned until is balanced, thereby indicating a location corresponding to the center of mass for the entire body.

  15. The Renaissance - 1450 A.D.- 1600 A.D.Relevance to the Study of Locomotion • Scientific study revived • Foundations of modern anatomy and physiology • Movement and muscle studied as connective entities

  16. Significant People/Events Intellectual freedom highly respected Experimentation - the basis of the scientific method Galileo - Studied human jumping, horse gait, structure of bone Harvey - described blood flow through heart Descartes - Cartesian coordinate system Borelli - the “Father” of biomechanics, wrote “Du Moto Animalium”; used geometry to describe walking, running, jumping, described muscle contraction Newton - Laws of motion and gravity The Scientific Revolution - 1600 A.D. - 1730 A.D.

  17. The Scientific Revolution - 1600 A.D. - 1730 A.D.Relevance to the study of Locomotion • Experimentation and theory linked • Formation of Newtonian mechanics

  18. The Enlightenment - 1730 A.D. - 1800 A.D. • Significant People/Events • Applied Mathematics advanced - Euler, Lagrange • von Haller - irritabilty and contractility of muscle • Andre - “Orthpaedics”, muscle imbalance causes skeletal deformities • Emil Du Bois-Reymond – Action Potential

  19. The Enlightenment - 1730 A.D. - 1800 A.D.Relevance to the study of Locomotion • Force, momentum, and energy related • Muscle function related to bio-chemical and electrical phenomena

  20. Significant People/Events Muybridge - motion analysis - horses, people; Animals in Motion, The Human Figure in Motion Weber brothers - “On the Mechanics of the Gait Tools” 150 hypotheses Marey - (huge) the first gait lab (force plate, cinematography, synchronized cine and force Braune and Fisher - 3d analysis of gait, mathematical analysis, “light” suits Duchenne - EMG The Gait Century - 1800 A.D. - 1900 A.D.

  21. Étienne-Jules Marey (1830-1904) Studied soldiers…energy cost of locomotion…..economy of movement Unique techniques

  22. Eduard Muybridg - The “Father” of Cinematography

  23. The Gait Century - 1800 A.D. - 1900 A.D.Relevance to the study of Locomotion • Measurement methods devised and applied to gait • Electrical activity of muscle quantified • Engineering principles applied to the locomotion

  24. Significant People/Events A.V. Hill - Structure and Function of muscle Elftman - Force plates, energy exchanges during gait Huxley - sliding filament theory 1967 - First ISB Meeting in Zurich The 20th Century - 1900 A.D. - 1980

  25. The 20th Century - 1900 A.D. –1980 A.D.Relevance to the study of Locomotion • Biomechanics becomes a unique “discipline” • Biomechanics used as a clinical tool • Professional Biomechanical and Gait Organizations formed

  26. The Computer Age 1980 AD …. • Significant People/Events • Abdel, Azziz, and Carrera - developed the DLT • Basmajian - expanded EMG techniques and understanding of muscle function • Winter - refined experimental techniques for the analysis of gait • Sutherland - classic studies on the development of gait in children, and influence of CP on gait

  27. The Computer Age 1980 AD …. • Murray - classic studies on adult gait • Gage, Sutherland, and Perry - integration of gait analysis in surgical treatment of orthopaedic disorder • Development of the Miocrocomputer • Nigg, Cavanagh,Bates - biomechanical assessment of running gait • Expansion and refinement of video technology • Greaves - Video Processor • Founding of the Clinical Gait and Movement AnalysisSociety

  28. Patricia Murray – 1925 – 1984 Ph.D. Anatomy…PT …..lab at VA Hospital in Milwaukee and at Marquette Univ. – neuromuscular disease and prosthetics

  29. The Study of LocomotionThe Future ???

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