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Ecology

Ecology. We are looking at the interactions around us. Vocabulary. Ecology Community Biome Biotic and Abiotic factors biodiversity Keystone species autotroph heterotroph Food chain herbivore omnivore Detritivore carnivore food web Habitat ecological equivalents

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Ecology

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  1. Ecology We are looking at the interactions around us.

  2. Vocabulary • Ecology Community Biome • Biotic and Abiotic factors biodiversity • Keystone species autotroph heterotroph • Food chain herbivore omnivore • Detritivore carnivore food web • Habitat ecological equivalents • Primary succession secondary succession • Pioneer species renewable resources • Population (ecological) niche

  3. Pages and Questions33 questions total • P. 223: 1,3,4,5 • P. 225: 1,2,3,4 • P. 227: 1,2 • P. 231: 1,3 • P. 238:1,2,3,4 • P. 242: 1 • P.244 1,2,3,4,5 • P. 250: 2,3,5 • P.252: 1,2 • P.271: 1,2 • P.276:1 • P.279: 2,3,5

  4. Interactions How do populations interact? How do populations affect the community? How does the community affect the ecosystem? How does the ecosystem affect the community?

  5. Ecosystem • A stable ecosystem is very important and requires: • 1. populations fluctuate but at a predictable rate • 2. supply of resources in the environment fluctuates as a predictable rate • 3. energy flows through the ecosystem at a constant rate over time

  6. There are two key interactions • 1: predator/prey The graph below explains • What does this graph tell you?

  7. 2: Competition • Occurs when two or more organisms need the same resource at the same time Problems arise when a niche is fulfilled by two or more organisms which cannot happen in the same habitat One is better adapted and will win out: SURVIVAL OF THE FITTEST

  8. Factors affecting Population • Density-independent: things that occur regardless of the population size and reduce the sizes of all populations in the area • Ex. Weather changes, pollution, natural disasters • Density-dependent: larger populations are more affected than smaller • Ex. Competition, predation, parasites, disease

  9. What are biotic and abiotic factors?(still part of factors affecting population)

  10. Biotic factors-all living components of an ecosystem ex. Bacteria, plants, animals • Abiotic factors-nonliving things, chemical or physical ex. N, O, pH, temperature, sunlight, rainfall

  11. Food ChainWhere are herbivores, carnivores and omnivores?

  12. Food Web

  13. Hang On • Symbiotic Relationships: • Parasitism- parasite benefits while host is harmed (can cause death but not likely) • Ex. Tape worms, heartworms, bacteria, • Ex. Aphids, fleas, ticks, misletoe

  14. Loa loa or African eye worm

  15. YUCK

  16. Mutualism • Both organisms benefit in Mutualism • Bacteria in termites digest wood • Some fungi live off of roots and break down compounds the plants need

  17. Commensalism • One organism benefits and the other is not affected • Ex. Barnacles on whales get rides to new places to get food and reproduce • Ex. Burdock seeds attach to organisms and carried to new locations to germinate

  18. Burdock seeds

  19. Greenhouse Effect • Sitting in hot car • Same thing happens to the Earth as certain gases build up in the atmosphere. • Carbon Dioxide and Oxygen are two key gases. These should be balanced through plants and animals. But it is becoming more and more lopsided. These gases and methane and water vapor are acting as blankets.

  20. Knowing which gases are involved changes makes understanding the following cycles crucial to the survival of life on Earth.

  21. Soil • Soil has a major impact on the environment because it affects what and how much can grow in an area. Based on the food pyramid (soon to come) you can see that without the plants there is nothing to build upon.

  22. What do lichens and mosses do?

  23. Primary Succession- area has not been previously inhabited • Secondary Succession-area has been previously inhabited and returning back to normal (fire, abandoned farmland, vacant lots)

  24. Curve Ball Carrying Capacity-the maximum population size that can be supported by the available resources Factors are: Water: clean, fresh water is limited and if can’t replenish it then not renewable Waste: some waste causes harm to the environment and/or takes to long to decompose

  25. A Final Factor • Agriculture: fertile soil for growing food is a problem • As land is cleared to grow food, less trees and plants are recycling Carbon • Erosion becomes a problem (loss of fertile soil) • Use of wood for houses and buildings a contributing factor

  26. Technology • Agricultural technology has developed methods and tools to minimize damage to land and maximize growth of plants • Industrial technology has created mass products and raised the standard of living worldwide • Both have a cost though. What are they?

  27. Consuming nonrenewable resources such as fossil fuels (acid rain, clearing land or deforestation, increase in Carbon Dioxide, fertilizers and pesticides can affect the cycles)

  28. Alternative Energy Technology • Attempts to use wind, water, geothermal or solar energy rather than fossil fuels or nuclear energy

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