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DNA: life's code

DNA: life's code. =. DNA KEY TERMS. DNA NITROGEN BASE NUCLEOTIDE REPLICATION SYNTHESIS RNA DOUBLE HELIX MUTATION POINT MUTATION FRAMESHIFT MUTATION CHROMOSOMAL MUTATION TRANSLOCATION. CLONES FRATERNAL TWINS IDENTICAL TWINS TRANSCRIPTION TRANSLATION PROTEIN PROTEIN SYNTHESIS

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DNA: life's code

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  1. DNA: life's code =

  2. DNA KEY TERMS • DNA • NITROGEN BASE • NUCLEOTIDE • REPLICATION • SYNTHESIS • RNA • DOUBLE HELIX • MUTATION • POINT MUTATION • FRAMESHIFT MUTATION • CHROMOSOMAL MUTATION • TRANSLOCATION • CLONES • FRATERNAL TWINS • IDENTICAL TWINS • TRANSCRIPTION • TRANSLATION • PROTEIN • PROTEIN SYNTHESIS • INTERPHASE • SEMI-CONSERVATIVE REPLICATION

  3. DNA ANCHORS AND BENCHMARKS • Describe how the process of DNA replication results in the transmission and/or conservation of genetic information. • Explain the functional relationships between DNA, genes, alleles, and chromosomes and their roles in inheritance. • Describe how the processes of transcription are similar in all organisms. • Describe how genetic mutations alter the DNA sequence and may or may not affect phenotype, (e.g.: silent, nonsense, frameshift) • Explain how genetic engineering has impacted the fields of medicine, forensics, and agriculture (e.g., selective breeding, gene splicing, cloning, genetically modified organisms, gene therapy).

  4. Process Box-Type 1 Why do we use models? Explain at least TWO purposes of models. Model Making Activity and Question Sheet

  5. Process Box-Type 1 Recall the models of DNA you made. List the following: 3 parts that were included in your model 1. 2. 3. 2 types of bonds 1. 2. 2 rules/’laws’ of the “N’s”. 1. 2. 1 thing you learned about DNA other than what is above. 1.

  6. DNA Function DNA Meaning DNA makes up genes that determines the ______ of all living things….such as: traits DNA = Deoxyribo-Nucleic Acid Eye color, skin color, texture, freckles, hair color, style…etc

  7. Makes up _____________ GENES Controls ____________ TRAITS DNA CHROMOSOMES Forms _______________________ NUCLEUS Found in the __________ of all cells

  8. phosphate group nitrogen-containing base deoxyribose (sugar) COMPONENTS OF DNA DNA is composed of four types of NUCLEOTIDES. • DNA is made up of a long chain of nucleotides. • Each nucleotide has three parts. 1) a phosphate group 2) a deoxyribose sugar 3) a nitrogen-containing base

  9. NITROGEN BASES The nitrogen containing bases are the only difference in the four nucleotides.

  10. DNA CODE The code is found in the “________” of the ladder. Each rung is a combination of ________________ bonded together. The Nitrogen bases are: C= CYTOSINE G= GUANINE T= THYMINE A= ADENINE RUNGS 2 nitrogen bases

  11. Nucleotides always pair in the same way. “A” bonds ONLY with “___” • The base-pairing rules show how nucleotides always pair up in DNA. T A G “C” bonds ONLY with “___” C T A T G C T G A T A • Because a pyrimidine (single ring) pairs with a purine (double ring), the helix has a uniform width. G C A T C G This goes on for the entire length of the DNA molecule, which consists of __________ of nitrogen bases. BILLIONS G C T A G C

  12. Process Box- Type 1 Review Below are some words/terms that you have recently encountered in the course. Next to each word, write a couple of thoughts that relate to each term. • Nucleotides- ______________________________ • 4-_______________________________________ • Billions-__________________________________ • Rung-____________________________________ • Gene-____________________________________

  13. Process Box-Type 1 Think back: What type of organic compounds do nucleotides make up? Are they monomers or polymers?

  14. WON – NOW GOD – DOG ANT – TAN BAT – TAB DNA – DAN ADD – DAD TAR – RAT EAR – ARE TWO – TOW EAT - ATE SAW – WAS SEQUENCE OF THE CODE SEQUENCE OF LETTERS The ____________________ in DNA will determine what the trait is. For example: Lets take a look at the letters of the alphabet… “O W L” means If you change the letters to “L O W” it no longer means… However… “A predatory bird” “A predatory bird”

  15. SEQUENCE OF THE CODE Since DNA consists of billions of nitrogenous base pairings, the amount of variation among organisms is HUGE. If you change only one letter, the entire code will be changed, and therefore the organism will be different!!

  16. DNA looks like... A ladder twisted ...that has been __________ over and over. It's called a "________________" Double helix

  17. Process Box-Type 1 It’s all about the numbers. Match the correct number to the correct phrase. 4 30,000 1,000,000,000+ ______________ - base pairings ______________ - nitrogen bases ______________ - genes

  18. DNA RELATIONSHIP • DNA makes up a _______________. • Chromosomes are found in the nucleus of every cell in the body!! CHROMOSOME

  19. What is a gene? A gene is a ___________________that codes for a _____________. SMALL PIECE OF DNA gene Specific trait 30,000 There are about __________ genes in an entire DNA molecule

  20. Process Box-Type 1 Put the terms below in SIZE order Gene * Nucleotide * Nitrogen Base * Chromosome

  21. Questions • What does DNA mean? _____________________________________ • Suppose one side of a DNA molecule had the bases • A-A-G-T-C- G- A-T-G-G-C-A-C-C. What would the other side of the DNA look like? ____________________________________________ • What is the function of RNA? _____________________________ • What is a mutation? ______________________________________ • What term best describes what a DNA looks like? _________________ • Explain the relationship between DNA, chromosomes, and genes? • __________________________________________________________ • If everyone consists of only 4 nitrogen bases (A-T-C-G), why are no two people alike? __________________________________ • How many chromosomes does a human have? ___________ • How many genes does a human have? ___________ • Therefore, approximately how many genes are on a single chromosome? ______ • If 24% of a DNA molecule is Adenine, what percent would be… • Thymine = ____% Guanine= _____% Cytosine= _____%

  22. UNDERSTANDING THE COMPONENTS OF DNA If there is 37% of Adenine in a DNA molecule… How much Thymine? ___________ How much Cytosine? ___________ How much Guanine? ___________ If there is 23% of Guanine in a DNA molecule… How much Thymine? ___________ How much Cytosine? ___________ How much Adenine? ___________ If there is 18% of Cytosine in a DNA molecule, which is the only possibility for another nitrogen base? (Put an ‘X’ on your answer) ________18% Adenine ________64% Adenine ________ 32% Guanine ________ 32% Thymine

  23. Process Box-Type 1 You were exposed to a similar graph earlier in the year. Study the graph. Write down a list of at least FOUR things you can recall about the graph. Your statements should be written as complete thoughts.

  24. REPLICATION Replication makes an exact copy of a cell’s DNA • A single strand of DNA serves as a template for a new strand. • The rules of base pairing directreplication. • DNA is replicated during the____________stage of thecell cycle. • Each body cell gets acomplete set ofidentical DNA. • DNA replication takes place in ___________ S (synthesis) Nucleus

  25. REPLICATION nucleotide The DNA molecule unzips in both directions. Proteins carry out the process of replication. • DNA serves only as a template. • Enzymes and other proteins do the actual work of replication. • Enzymes unzip the _______________ • Free-floating nucleotides form hydrogen bonds with the template strand. Double helix BuildDNA

  26. Process Box-Type 1 What does replication mean? Why does a cell need to go through replication?

  27. Process Box-Type 1 General Word Dissection. Break down these words and define them in your own words. Then write an instance when each one may occur. What is it? When does it happen? Replication: Transcription: Translation:

  28. The Central Dogma of DNA RNA carries DNA’s instructions. • The central dogma states that information flows in one direction from _____________ ______________ DNA to RNA to protein

  29. replication transcription translation The Central Dogma of DNA • The central dogma includes three processes. • 1) Replication • 2) Transcription • 3) Translation • RNA is a link between DNA and proteins.

  30. TRANSCRIPTION RNA differs from DNA in three major ways. • 1)RNA has a ____________________ • 2)RNA has ___________ instead of thymine. • 3)RNA is a __________________________. Ribose sugar uracil single-stranded structure

  31. TRANSCRIPTION one gene growing RNA strands DNA The transcription process is similar to replication. • Transcription and replication both involve complex enzymes and complementary base pairing. • The two processes have different end results. • REPLICATION copiesthe ENTIRE________ molecule;TRANSCRIPTION copiesonly part of the DNA molecule- copies only a specific ___________. • Replication makes_______ copy; transcription canmake ________copies. DNA gene one many

  32. Process Box-Type 1 What is the Central Dogma of DNA?

  33. Critical Viewing Similarities between the images: Differences between these images:

  34. REPLICATION OR TRANSCRIPTION 1.

  35. REPLICATION OR TRANSCRIPTION 2.

  36. REPLICATION OR TRANSCRIPTION 3.

  37. REPLICATION OR TRANSCRIPTION 4.

  38. REPLICATION OR TRANSCRIPTION 5.

  39. Process Box-Type 1 What are two ways to differentiate between replication and transcription?

  40. codon for methionine (Met) codon for leucine (Leu) Amino acids are coded by mRNA base sequences. TRANSLATION • Translation converts mRNA messages into polypeptides. • A codon is a sequence of three nucleotides that codes for an amino acid.

  41. TRANSLATION • For translation to begin, tRNA binds to a start codon and signals the ribosome to assemble. • A complementary tRNA molecule binds to the exposed codon, bringing its amino acid close to the first amino acid.

  42. TRANSLATION • The ribosome helps form a polypeptide bond between the amino acids. • The ribosome pulls the mRNA strand the length of one codon.

  43. TRANSLATION • The now empty tRNA molecule exits the ribosome. • A complementary tRNA molecule binds to the next exposed codon. • Once the stop codon is reached, the ribosome releases the protein and disassembles.

  44. Process Box-Type 1 Which one is present first, mRNA or tRNA. Explain.

  45. Making proteins DNA RNA Protein NUCLEUS RIBOSOME (Physical trait) HELPER RNA is a “__________” molecule. It helps carry the DNA code to the __________ so it can make the protein. Skin color/texture Eye color/shape Height Bone density Hair texture Etc… RIBOSOME DNA contains the code for what protein will be made by the cell

  46. Mutations • When the sequence of letters is changed. Since the code no longer reads the correct way, the cell does not make the correct protein. • Consequently, a different trait may appear. • They are usually _________ Oops!! bad

  47. Some mutations affect a single gene, while others affect an entire chromosome. • A mutation is _______________________________. • Many kinds of mutations can occur, especially during replication. • POINT MUTATIONS • FRAME SHIFT MUTATIONS • CHROMOSOMAL MUTATIONS • TRANSLOCATION MUTATIONS A CHANGE IN AN ORGANISM’S DNA

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