Chapters 9, 11, 12

1. Chapters 9, 11, 12 Concepts covered that will also be candidates for exam questions

2. Ionic bonds and different components of energy: ionization E, repulsion E, coulomb attraction E, disassociation E • Excited states of molecules, different components of spectra (electron transitions, vibrational, rotational) • Selection rules for molecular transitions • Spontaneous emission and zero-point vacuum fluctuation field

3. Radius of nucleus, how to find (R = R0 A1/3) • Binding E of nucleons in a nucleus (2 approximate eqns, not semi-empirical eqn) • Radiation types: alpha, beta, gamma • Exponential decay law, differences between TAU (τ, mean life) and T1/2 (t½, half life) • Equations for the Q value or E of decay of beta decay, for e+ and e- emission • Full description of alpha decay as a QM tunneling • 2 conservation laws in nuclear reactions

4. Cross section – how to calculate and what it implies (probability for interaction to occur) • Fission: how it happens, why you need E input to make it happen • Nuclear reactor components (k factor, moderator, critical mass, control rods) • Fusion: how it happens, why you need E input to make it happen

5. Why the field is called high energy physics • How to use the uncertainty principle to determine the mass of a hypothetical particle that is the carrier of the strong force • Leptons, hadrons, fermions, bosons: what these are • Standard model: types of elementary particles, families, antiparticles • 3 forces (EM, strong, weak), what particles they act on • Force carriers (how particles really interact via the exchange of particles that “carry” the force) and virtual particles • Weak force, only force to allow generational mixing, only interaction type that allows S violation • Conserved quantities in particle interactions, including color(ONLY focused on energy, mass, momentum, charge, lepton number, baryon number, strangeness, color)

6. Sources of neutrinos, ordered by E of the source • 4 categories of Weak interactions (NC, CC: CCQE, CC pion, CC DIS) • What is Cerenkov and Scintillation light, how to calculate if a particle will produce Cerenkov light in your detector • How do we understand the phenomenon of neutrino oscillation proceeds? • flavor neutrinos of standard model: electron neutrino, muon neutrino, tau neutrino, are all actually representations of a superposition of 3 other neutrino waves that carry different values of mass. Viewing the superposition of the 3 mass waves at any point in space determines if you see or don’t see oscillations, or neutrinos changing flavor

7. Chapters 9, 11, 12 Examples done in class

8. Attraction of ions in molecules, dissociation energy, energy of repulsion • Electronic, vibrational, and rotational state transitions, moment of inertia, frequencies • E needed to remove a n from various atoms, using 2 different BE approximations • C dating and half life • Calculate rates of particle production from the interaction of a beam of particles with a target • Decay equations for 3 types of beta decay • List of interactions, what force allows the interaction • List of interactions, based on conservation laws can they happen • *** NOTE: many examples covering this material have already been done in chapters 1,2 (for example), using relativistic motion of particles, particle decays, half life, and mean life

9. Chapters 9, 11, 12 Suggested problems from book

10. Binding energy, dissociation energy, repulsion energy of molecules • Rotational energy and separation of nuclei in molecules, transitions between rotational E levels • Separation between E levels in molecules • Vibrational energy, moment of inertia, equilibrium separation of atoms in molecules

11. Uncertainty principle in beta decays • Radii of nuclei • Radioactivity: half-life, decay constant, counting rates, activity, atoms in samples • E of particles participating in alpha, beta decays • Compare strength of forces, mass of force carrying particles • Reactions using cross section, beam and target information • Q and total E produced in fusion reactions • Range of alpha particles, decay constant/half life in alpha decays

12. Threshold for photodisintegration • E of decay products in beta decay without a neutrino being produced • Conservation of quantities in annihilation reactions • Identifying forces that allow interactions to proceed, allowed & forbidden interactions under these forces • Conserved quantities in particle reactions

13. Given a quark combination, calculate the various quantum numbers of the particle • Given an interaction, determine the quantum numbers and quark content of the final product • Pi0 decay in flight, angle of emission of photons • Total E of decay products in particle interactions • Time of travel for neutrinos