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Unit 5: Cell Division and DNA

Unit 5: Cell Division and DNA. Page 8 in your Green EOC packet!. DNA Replication :. DNA replicates just before mitosis so that each daughter cell has an exact copy of DNA. The weak hydrogen bonds of DNA are unzipped and complementary nucleotides are added to make a new side of each strand.

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Unit 5: Cell Division and DNA

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  1. Unit 5: Cell Division and DNA Page 8 in your Green EOC packet!

  2. DNA Replication: • DNA replicates just before mitosis so that each daughter cell has an exact copy of DNA. • The weak hydrogen bonds of DNA are unzipped and complementary nucleotides are added to make a new side of each strand.

  3. REPLICATION (DNA to DNA) ***Practice: DNA: ATC GCA GGC CGA AGA DNA: TAG CGT CCG GCT TCT

  4. Transcription: • Occurs in the nucleus • Double stranded DNA to single stranded RNA • U replaces T, but still matches with A • RNA is able to leave the nucleus and go to the ribosomes

  5. TRANSCRIPTION (DNA to mRNA) ***Practice: DNA: ATC GCA GGC CGA AGA RNA: UAG CGU CCG GCU UCU

  6. Translation: • mRNA lands on a ribosome • The ribosome reads the mRNA by usingcodons (3 nucleotide sequence ex: AUG) • Using the codon,tRNAbrings amino acids to the ribosome • Amino acids link up to form polypeptides (proteins)

  7. AUG

  8. DNA vs. RNA • Double stranded • Bases: ATCG • 5-C sugar: deoxyribose • Gets transcribed into mRNA so it can leave the nucleus • Single stranded • Bases: AUCG • 5-C sugar: ribose • Gets translated into the code for proteins at the ribosome

  9. Mitosis vs Meiosis • Begins with 1 diploid cell • Ends with 2 diploid cells • Daughter cells are identical • Makes somatic (body) cells • PMAT (division) 1 time • Begins with 1 diploid cell • Ends with 4 haploid cells • Daughter cells are genetically different • Makes sex cells (gametes) • PMAT 2 times

  10. Steps of MITOSIS • P = PROPHASE (chromosomes PREPARE condense) • M = METAPHASE (chromosomes in MIDDLE) • A = ANAPHASE (chromosomes split APART) • T = TELOPHASE (TWO new nuclei form)

  11. After interphase occurs, the nucleus must divide before the cell can complete the cycle • Mitosis includes 4 distinct phases: • Prophase • Metaphase • Anaphase • Telophase • Mitosis is followed by cytokinesis, which finalizes the cell cycle and redistributes cytoplasm and organelles

  12. Results in cells with half the number of chromosomes in body (somatic) cells • haploid • 2 cell divisions – result in 4 different haploid cells • Phases are similar to mitosis, but involve more complex processes • Phases have similar names, but include numbers (ex: prophase I) • The entire process of meiosis involves two divisions: • Meiosis I: Ends with 2 haploid cells (with paired chromatids) • Meiosis II: Ends with 4 haploid cells

  13. Cytokinesis: division of the cytoplasm after mitosis has occurred. • A cleavage furrow is formed in animals. • A cell plate is formed in plants.

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