5 November 2013

1. 5 November 2013 Today’s Bell Ringer Define the following: Cell Cycle (four phases) – 1) 2) 3) 4) Cytokinesis – Mitosis (four phases) – Meiosis – Chromosome –

2. The cell cycle has four main stages. • The cell cycle is a regular pattern of growth, DNA replication, and cell division.

3. Gap 1 (G1): cell growth and normal functions • The main stages of the cell cycle are gap 1, synthesis, gap 2, and mitosis. • DNA synthesis (S): copies DNA • Gap 2 (G2): additional growth • Mitosis (M): includes division of the cell nucleus (mitosis) and division of the cell cytoplasm (cytokinesis) • Mitosis occurs only if the cell is large enough and the DNA undamaged.

4. Cells divide at different rates. • The rate of cell division varies with the need for those types of cells. • Some cells are unlikely to divide (G0).

5. 6 November 2013 Today’s Bell Ringer Define the following: Diploid (2n) – Haploid (n) – Centrioles –

6. Cell size is limited. • Too small: not enough space for organelles • Too large: not enough material can move across surface

7. Cell growth is coordinated with division. • Cells that must be large have unique shapes. • Surface area must allow for adequate exchange of materials.

8. What is the end result of mitosis? At the end of mitosis, were the chromosomes the only things to be given to the new cells or were the organelles also redistributed? 3) What are the phases of mitosis? 4) What is the end result of meiosis? 5) What does fertilization mean? 6) What happens during crossing over during meiosis? 7) Darwin developed theory of natural selection, which laid the foundation for evolution. Mendel developed the laws of genetic inheritance. What scientific concept(s) did Thomas Hunt Morgan develop?

9. 8 November 2013 Today’s Bell Ringer Lab 10 – Identifying the phases of Mitosis you will have your lab book checked for the correct phases of mitosis and for correct answers to the questions associated with page 46 in your Study Guide.

10. 13 November 2013 Today’s Bell Ringer Define the following: Growth Factors – Apoptosis – Cancer – Benign – Malignant – Metastasize – Carcinogens – Quiz on Thursday – tomorrow! On Mitosis, chapter 5.1, 5.2, and 5.3

11. 1) What changes in a cell’s cytoplasm and nucleus take place during interphase? 2) What does the spindle fibers and centrioles do during mitosis? 3) What are the main events during metaphase? 4) In which phase of mitosis do chromosomes first become visible with a microscope? 5) What happens during anaphase? 6) What are the difference between plant and animal mitosis? http://www.ted.com/talks/spencer_wells_is_building_a_family_tree_for_all_humanity.html Spencer Wells

12. DNA andhistones SupercoiledDNA DNA doublehelix Chromatin Chromosomes condense at the start of mitosis. • A chromosome is one long continuous thread of DNA. • DNA wraps around proteins (histones) that condense it.

13. chromatid telomere centromere telomere Condensed, duplicated chromosome • One half of a duplicated chromosome is a chromatid. • Sister chromatids are held together at the centromere. • Telomeres protect DNA and do not include genes. • DNA plus proteins is called chromatin, which is formed during interphase.

14. Parent cell centrioles spindle fibers centrosome nucleus with DNA Mitosis and cytokinesis produce two genetically identical daughter cells. • Interphase prepares the cell to divide. • During interphase, the DNA is duplicated. • Chromosomes condense tightly for mitosis.

15. During prophase, chromosomes condense, the nuclear envelope breaks down and spindle fibers form. • Mitosis divides the cell’s nucleus in four phases.

16. During metaphase, chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell. • Mitosis divides the cell’s nucleus in four phases.

17. During anaphase, sister chromatids separate to opposite sides of the cell. • Mitosis divides the cell’s nucleus in four phases.

18. Mitosis divides the cell’s nucleus in four phases. • During telophase, the new nuclei form and chromosomes begin to uncoil.

19. In animal cells, the membrane pinches closed. • In plant cells, a cell plate forms. • Cytokinesis differs in animal and plant cells.

20. KEY CONCEPTCell cycle regulation is necessary for healthy growth.

21. Internal and external factors regulate cell division. • External factors include physical and chemical signals. • Growth factors are proteins that stimulate cell division. • Cell-to cell contact: most mammal cells form a single layer in a culture dish and stop dividing once they touch other cells.

22. Internal factors can be triggered by external factors, which affect the cell cycle. • Two of the most important internal factors are kinases and cyclins. • Kinases are enzymes that activate cyclins.

23. Standard cancer treatments typically kill both cancerous and healthy cells. • Carcinogens are substances known to promote cancer.

24. Cancer cells come from normal cells with damage to genes involved in cell-cycle regulation. • Cancer cells do not carry out necessary functions.

25. normal cell cancer cell bloodstream Cell division is uncontrolled in cancer. • Cancer cells form disorganized clumps called tumors. • Benign tumors remain clustered and can be removed. • Malignant tumors metastasize, or break away, and can form more tumors.

26. webbed fingers • Apoptosis is programmed cell death. • a normal feature of healthy organisms • caused by a cell’s production of self-destructive enzymes • occurs indevelopmentof infants

27. 14 November 2013 Today’s Bell Ringer Define the following: Asexual reproduction – Binary fission – Is it more advantageous for an organism to be asexual?

28. parent cell DNA duplicates cell begins to divide daughter cells Binary fission is similar in function to mitosis. • Asexual reproduction is the creation of offspring from a single parent. • Binary fission produces two daughter cells genetically identical to the parent cell. • Binary fission occurs inprokaryotes.

29. Environment determines what form of reproduction is most advantageous. • Asexual reproduction is an advantage in consistently favorable conditions. • Sexual reproduction is an advantage in changing conditions.

30. Hydra bud Yeast Some eukaryotes reproduce through mitosis. • Budding forms a new organism from a small projection growing on the surface of the parent.

31. Fragmentation is the splitting of the parent into pieces that each grow into a new organism. • Vegetative reproduction forms a new plant from the modification of a stem or underground structure on the parent plant.

32. 18 November 2013 Today’s Bell Ringer Define the following: Somatic cells – Gametes – Homologous chromosomes – Autosomes – Sex chromosomes – What is the end result of meiosis?

33. body cells sex cells (sperm) You have body cells and gametes. • Body cells are also called somatic cells. • Somatic cells make up most body tissue and organs, not passed on to offspring. • Gametes (germ cells) • located in the ovaries and testes. • Gametes are sex cells: egg and sperm. • Gametes have DNA that can be passed to offspring.

34. Your body cells have 23 pairs of chromosomes. • Homologous pairs of chromosomes have the same structure. • For each homologous pair, one chromosome comes from each parent. • Chromosome pairs 1-22 are autosomes. These contain genes not directly related to gender. • Sex chromosomes, X and Y, determine gender in mammals. Your cells have autosomes and sex chromosomes.

35. Body cells are diploid; gametes are haploid. • Fertilization between egg and sperm occurs in sexual reproduction. • Diploid (2n) cells have two copies of every chromosome. • Body cells are diploid, and divide by mitosis. • Half the chromosomes come from each parent. How many chromosomes are present?

36. Haploid (n) cells have one copy of every chromosome. • Gametes are haploid, result from meiosis. • Gametes have 22 autosomes and 1 sex chromosome. How many chromosomes are present?

37. Chromosome number must be maintained in animals. • Many plants have more than two copies of each chromosome. • Mitosis and meiosis are types of nuclear division that make different types of cells. • Mitosis makesmore diploid cells.

38. Meiosis makes haploid cells from diploid cells. • Meiosis occurs in sex cells. • Meiosis produces gametes.

39. 19 November 2013 Today’s Bell Ringer Define the following: Traits page 177(Genetic variation)– Crossing over [glossary] – Do study guide pages 53 and 54. "Nothing in Biology Makes Sense Except in the Light of Evolution“ This was the title of an essay by Theodosius Dobzhansky in 1973 Dobzhansky, T. Nothing in biology makes sense except in the light of evolution. American Biology Teacher. 1973. Vol. 35 125-129. Video on crossing over. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zGVBAHAsjJM&safe=active

40. November 2013 Today’s Bell Ringer

41. 21 November 2013 Today’s Bell Ringer Vocabulary/Definitions to learn before the next exam - Just write the words in your notebook, do not define yet…….. Replication Transcription Translation Codon Anticodon Genotype Phenotype DNA Nucleotide Double Helix Base Paring Rules RNA Messenger RNA (mRNA) Ribosomal RNA (rRNA) Transfer RNA (tRNA)

42. DNA structure is the same in ALLorganisms DNA Nucleotide Double Helix Base Paring Rules RNA

43. phosphate group nitrogen-containing base deoxyribose (sugar) DNA is composed of four types of nucleotides. • DNA is made up of a long chain of nucleotides. • Each nucleotide has three parts. • a phosphate group • a deoxyribose sugar • a nitrogen-containing base

44. The nitrogen containing bases are the only difference in the four nucleotides.

45. Watson and Crick determined the three-dimensional structure of DNA by building models. • They realized that DNA is a double helix that is made up of a sugar-phosphate backbone on the outside with bases on the inside.

46. Watson and Crick’s discovery built on the work of Rosalind Franklin and Erwin Chargaff. • Franklin’s x-ray images suggested that DNA was a double helix of even width. • Chargaff’s rules stated that A=T and C=G.

47. hydrogen bond covalent bond • The backbone is connected by covalent bonds. • The bases are connected by hydrogen bonds.

48. G C A T Nucleotides always pair in the same way. • The base-pairing rules show how nucleotides always pair up in DNA. • A pairs with T • C pairs with G • Because a single ring sugar pairs with a double ring sugar, the helix has a uniform width. Nucleotide bases http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NNASRkIU5Fw

49. Mitosis and meiosis are processes involved in cellular reproduction. Which of the following describes an event that results from mitosis but NOT meiosis? A. two stages of cell division B. replication of cellular genetic material C. daughter cells that are identical to the parent cell D. four daughter cells that are produced from each parent cell How are sexual reproduction and asexual reproduction different from each other? sexual reproduction requires two parents and asexual reproduction requires only one parent B. asexual reproduction requires two parents and sexual reproduction requires only one parent C. mutation rates are lower in sexual reproduction than in asexual reproduction D. asexual reproduction occurs only in multicellular organisms Which type of reproduction leads to increased genetic variation on a population? A. Parthenogenesis B. asexual reproduction C. Sexual reproduction D. Vegetative reproduction

50. 22 November 2013 Today’s Bell Ringer Vocabulary/Definitions to learn before the next exam - Just write the words in your notebook, do not define yet…….. Replication Transcription Translation Codon Anticodon RNA Messenger RNA (mRNA) Ribosomal RNA (rRNA) Transfer RNA (tRNA)