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The Empire in Transition

The Empire in Transition. The Thirteen Colonies in 1763. New Imperialism. King George III Political Blunders Standing armies George Grenville Sugar Act (1764) Lowers excise tax on foreign molasses Increased enforcement Admiralty Courts Mutiny Act (1765). New Imperialism.

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The Empire in Transition

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  1. The Empire in Transition The Thirteen Colonies in 1763

  2. New Imperialism • King George III • Political Blunders • Standing armies • George Grenville • Sugar Act (1764) • Lowers excise tax on foreign molasses • Increased enforcement • Admiralty Courts • Mutiny Act (1765)

  3. New Imperialism • Currency Act (1764) • Targeting Virginia • Virginia war bonds • inflation • Only Great Britain can create currency • Impacted other colonies • All taxes paid in British legal tender

  4. Stamp Act • Revenue • February 1765 • Tax all paper goods: contracts, playing cards, books, etc. • “Virtual Representation” • “constituent representation” • Repealed March 1766

  5. Colonial Responses • Pamphlet War • Public sphere • Patrick Henry • Self-taxation • Doc. 27

  6. Stamp Act Congress (Oct. 1765) • 9 of 13 • Declaration of Rights and Grievances (John Dickinson of PA) • 12 Resolves • External Tax • Internal Tax • Taxes: “gifts of the people” • Correspondence networks

  7. Non-Importation Agreements • New York, Albany, Philadelphia, Boston • National Strike • Dec. 1765 • Most stamped paper destroyed • Act defeated • Grenville replaced • 300K pound sterling lost • Declaratory Act (1766)

  8. Crowd Reaction to Stamp Act • “Crowd Action” • Boston (Port city) • Sons of Liberty • Bankrolled by J. Hancock • Effigy • August 1765 • Thomas Hutchinson • Doc. 29

  9. The Tory’s Day of Judgment (Library of Congress)

  10. The Empire in Transition • Townshend Crisis (1767) • Mutiny Act • New York, Boston • Duties on imported goods (luxury items) • Governor’s salaries • Boycott of British goods • Nonimportation Agreements • Daughters of Liberty .

  11. The Empire in Transition • Stirrings of Revolt • The Boston Massacre • Rebellious Boston • March 5, 1770 • “Tavernites & lobsterbacks” • 5 dead The Boston Massacre(Library of Congress)

  12. Crisis of Empire: Or How England Lost Its North America Colonies 1770-1776

  13. Problems of the East India Company • British vs. Dutch East India Co. • Indian bumper-crops • Coffee • Anti-Importation Agreements • British shareholders

  14. The Tea Act (1773) • Mercantilism • Innovation • Cheaper than smuggled tea • Tea, not coffee • nationalism • Save company • monopoly • “British East India Company Enabling Act”

  15. Boston Tea Party (Dec. 1773) • “gesture politics” • 1770-71 Trade Boom • Tea Destroyed • Merchants undermined • British Occupation • Sam Adams • Politics of provocation

  16. Coercive Acts, 1774 (Intolerable Acts) • Aim: pay for Boston Tea Party • Boston Port Bill • Harbor closed • Quartering Act • Soldiers in Private homes • “Murder Act” • Transfer of trials to London • MA govt. act • Ending town-halls • Quebec Act • Securing French loyalty • French civil rights • First Continental Congress • 1774

  17. The Empire in Transition • Cooperation and War • Lexington and Concord • “Minutemen” • General Thomas Gage • The War forIndependenceBegins Recruiting Poster (Library of Congress)

  18. The Empire in Transition The Battles of Lexington and Concord, 1775

  19. The American Revolution • The States United • Defining American War Aims • Divergent AmericanWar Aims • Common Sense Common Sense(Library of Congress)

  20. Declaring Independence: Revolutionaries vs. Loyalists • Thomas Paine, Common Sense (1776) • Doc. # 31 • James Chalmers, Plain Truth (1776) • Doc. 32

  21. The American Revolution • The States United • The Declaration of Independence • Independence Declared • Articles of Confederation • Thomas Jefferson • A-9 – A-12 (appendix) Thomas Jefferson(Library of Congress)

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