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Ecology and Evolution. 50.102 – 03 Fall 2005. Syllabus. Introduction. Science: knowledge or a system of knowledge covering general truths or the operation of general laws especially as obtained and tested through scientific method . Scientific Method. 1.Observation 2.Question
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Ecology and Evolution 50.102 – 03 Fall 2005
Introduction • Science: knowledge or a system of knowledge covering general truths or the operation of general laws especially as obtained and tested through scientific method
Scientific Method • 1.Observation • 2.Question • 3.Hypothesis (guess at an explanation) • Predictions • 4.Test of the hypothesis via the predictions • 5.Reevaluation of the hypothesis • 6.Formulation of new hypotheses • 7.New observations…
Observation: Dead flashlight Question? Hypothesis(es): A. Dead batteries B. Dead bulb Prediction A1: If I replace the batteries then the flashlight will work. Prediction B1: If I replace the bulb then the flashlight will work. Test A. prrrrrrt – Falsified the hypothesis Test B. Yay! – Can’t falsify the hypothesis
Some properties of science via the scientific method • Most if not all the steps of the method • Testable • Falsifiable • Repeatable
THEORY Hypothesis 2 Hypothesis 4 Hypothesis 1 Hypothesis 3 Accumulation of scientific evidence
Examples of Theories • Quantum electrodynamics • Theory of Heliocentrism • Plate Tectonic Theory • Theory of Gravity • Giant Impact Theory • Global Warming Theory • Cell Theory • Theory of Organic Evolution
Pseudoscience • Pseudoscience is any body of knowledge, methodology, or practice that is erroneously regarded as scientific • IOW: Don’t have the same criteria: • Unfalsifiable • Unrepeatable • Missing or skipping major steps in method • Contradictory to evidence
Alchemy Astrology Chakra theory Clairvoyance Creation science and Baraminology Creation biology Creationist cosmologies Flood geology Intelligent design Dianetics (Katie Holmes watch out!) Expansion theory Eugenics Essentialism Electric universe Folk psychiatry Graphology Götaland theory Homeopathy Lunaception Megalithic yard Melanin Theory Metaphysics Modern geocentrism (see also Flat Earth Society) New Chronology Nonstandard cosmologies Orgonomy Palmistry Parapsychology Schemes for Perpetual motion Personology Phrenology Physiognomy Precognition Pseudoarchaeology Pyramidology Gene Ray's Time Cube Telekinesis Telepathy Vedic science Fields associated with pseudoscience