Ecology and Evolution

1. Topic 5 Ecology and Evolution

2. 5.5 Classification

3. ‘Bi-’ means two • ‘nomial-’ means name • ‘nomenclature’ refers to a system used to name things • Homo sapiens • Myrmecophagatridactyla • ‘eater of ants’ + ‘ with three fingers’ Binomial nomenclature

4. Assessment Statements

5. First name: always capitalized – genus Second name: lower case letter – species Written in italics when typed, underlined when handwritten Latin or Greek origin Binomial nomenclature

6. Reasons: • Trying to make sense of the biosphere • Showing evolutionary trends • Predicting characteristics shared by members of a group • Common names do not reveal anything about a species evolutionary links Why use groupings?

7. Five Kingdoms Seven Taxa • Plantae (plants) • Animalia (animals) • Fungi (fungi and mold) • Protoctista (protozoa and algae) • Prokaryotae (bacteria) • Kingdom • Phylum • Class • Order • Family • Genus • Species Hierarchy of Classification

8. Example

9. Other Classifications • Feeding habits • Carnivore/herbivore • Habitat • Land dwelling/aquatic • Daily activity • Nocturnal/diurnal • Risk • harmless/venomous • Anatomy • Vertebrates/invertebrates • Conclusion: • Many ways to classify: not one is the only way • Therefore, classification needs to be clear, consistent, easily implemented, have general consensus

10. Bryophyta: mosses Filicinophyta: ferns and horsetails Coniferophyta: pine trees Angiospermophyta: flowering plants and fruits Some Plant Phyla

11. Distinguishing Characteristics

12. All are invertebrate (less familiar) • Porifera: sponges • Cnidaria: sea jellies, coral polyps • Platyhelminthes: flatworms • Annelida: segmented worms • Mollusca: snails, clams, octopuses • Anthropoda: insects, spiders, crustaceans Some Animal Phyla

13. Porifera Cnidaria • Sessile: stuck in place • No mouths or digestive tracts • Feed by pumping water through their tissues, filter out food • No muscle or nerve tissue or distinct internal organs • Corals, sea anemones, jellyfish, hydra, floating colonies • All have stinging cells: nematocysts • Some are sessile, others free-swimming, or both • Catch food in tentacles • Use gastric pouch with only one opening Invertebrates

14. Phatyhelminthes Annelida • Flatworms have only one cavity • A gut with one opening: food in, waste out • No heart or lungs • Flat shape: all cells need to be close to the surface for gas exchange • Earthworms, leeches • Segmeneted: bodies divided up into sections separated by rings • Bristles • Gastric tract with mouth at one end, the intestines have an opening at the other Invertebrates

15. Mollusca Arthropoda • Aquatic • Snails, clams, octopuses • Produce shells using calcium • Bodies are not segmented • Hard exoskeleton made with chitin • Segmented bodies • Limbs can bend because of joints • Insects, spiders, scorpions, crustaceans • True champs at diversity, found in most habitats Invertebrates

16. Using characteristics which help identify unknown species • Using a Dichotomous Key • Look at first section which has a pair of sentences describing a characteristic • Look at the organism and which characteristic it has • Go to the appropriate number following the chosen characteristic and continue. • Go until the end of the line has a name and not a number  this is your organism Dichotomous Key

18. Need to have the right key • There in no single key that identifies all species • Need to know technical terms • All of keys will use technical terms, you will need to know these or bring a resource to help Dichotomous Key