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Disorders of the Immune System. Autoimmune Disorders – body produces antibodies against its own tissue, e.g. Grave’s disease (hyperthyroidism) and rheumatoid arthritis Allergies occur when the body reacts to materials which should not be antigenic, e.g. peanuts. Immunity. Passive immunity
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Disorders of the Immune System • Autoimmune Disorders – body produces antibodies against its own tissue, e.g. Grave’s disease (hyperthyroidism) and rheumatoid arthritis • Allergies occur when the body reacts to materials which should not be antigenic, e.g. peanuts
Immunity Passive immunity An individual is given antibodies by another ; short-term (weeks- 6 months) Active immunity Production of a person’s own antibodies; long lasting Natural Active When pathogen enters body in the normal way, we make antibodies Artificial Active Vaccination – person makes antibodies without becoming ill Natural Passive From mother in uterus & breast milk Artificial Passive Immunoglobulin injection; extremely fast, but short lived (e.g. snake venom) Edward Jenner
The ABO System • Discovered in 1901 by Dr. Karl Landsteiner • 4 main phenotypes (A, B, AB, O) • Type of inheritence: multiple alleles (each person has only 2 alleles but more than 2 alleles exist) • Three possible alleles: IA, IB, i
Inheritance of ABO Groups If the mother has blood type O and her husband is blood type AB, what will be the blood type of their baby? i i IA IB 50 % chance A blood type 50 % chance B blood type
Universal Donor Group O Carries no A or B antigens Universal Recipient Group AB No anti-A or anti-B present Universal Donor and Recipient
The Rh(D) System • Discovered in 1940 on Rhesus monkeys
Simple Genetics of Rh(D) • 86% of caucasians are Rh(D) positive • The d gene is recessive: • DD & Dd persons are Rh(D) pos • Only dd persons are Rh(D) neg
Significance of Rh(D) • Rh(D) negative persons exposed to Rh(D) pos blood will develop anti-D • Anti-D can also be stimulated by pregnancy with an Rh(D) positive baby • Can be prevented by the use of anti-D immunoglobulin (RhoGam shot) administered before and after childbirth
Inheritance of ABO and Rh(D) Mother Group A IA i Rh(D) pos Dd Father Group B IBi Rh(D) pos Dd Draw a Punnet Square for this DIHYBRID CROSS; show phenotypic ratios.