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The Endocrine System

The Endocrine System. Hormones: chemical regulators produced by cells in one part of the body that affect cells in another part of the body Endocrine Hormones - chemicals from glands, secreted in the blood Hormones are classified according to their activation site Growth Hormone Insulin

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The Endocrine System

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  1. The Endocrine System

  2. Hormones: chemical regulators produced by cells in one part of the body that affect cells in another part of the body • Endocrine Hormones - chemicals from glands, secreted in the blood • Hormones are classified according to their activation site • Growth Hormone • Insulin • Epinephrine Other hormones affect specific cells or target tissues

  3. Chemical Control Systems • Endocrine system integrates and controls organs and tissues • When one organ stops working it affects other organs • Nervous system enables the body to adjust quickly to changes in the environment • Endocrine system is designed to maintain control over a longer duration

  4. Chemical Signals: Steroids and Protein Hormones • Steroid hormones: made from cholesterol, contains male and female sex hormones and cortisol • Contain CHO’s and are not water soluble • Protein hormones: insulin and growth hormone contain chains of amino acids and are soluble in water

  5. Steroid molecules diffuse from the capillaries into the interstitial fluid and then into target cells • Hormone receptor complex then moves into the nucleus and attaches to a segment of chromatin that has a complementary shape • Hormone activates a gene that sends a message to the ribosomes in the cytoplasm to begin producing a specific protein

  6. Protein hormones combine with receptors on the cell membrane • Some protein hormones form HR Complex that activates production of adenylyl cyclase • Causes the cell to convert ATP into cyclic adenosine mono-phosphate (cyclic AMP) • Cyclic AMP functions as a messenger, activating enzymes in the cytoplasm to carry out normal functions

  7. The Pituitary Gland • Base of the brain, along with hypothalamus, controls and coordinates the endocrine and nervous systems • Two lobes • Posterior lobe stores and releases hormones such as ADH and oxytocin • Horomones are secreted by nerve ends of the cells in the hypothalamus and transported in the blood to the pituitary gland • Most activate specific cells in the pituitary gland causing the release of pituitary hormones

  8. Two hypothalamus releasing factors inhibit the secretion of hormones from the anterior lobe of the pituitary • Released factor called dopamine, inhibits the secretion of prolactin (PRL) • Somatostatin inhibits the secretion of somatropin, • Regulator hormones are stored in the anterior lobe • Anterior also releases reproductive stimulating hormones, growth hormone and prolactin

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