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World economy and a commodity: indigo

World economy and a commodity: indigo. commodities reveal changes in world economy indigo shows: (1) hierarchies between Economy-Worlds; (2) impact of explorations; (3) shifting production markets; (4) follow-up on final markets; (5) results of industrialization.

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World economy and a commodity: indigo

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  1. World economy and a commodity: indigo • commodities reveal changes in world economy • indigo shows: (1) hierarchies between Economy-Worlds; (2) impact of explorations; (3) shifting production markets; (4) follow-up on final markets; (5) results of industrialization

  2. World economy and a commodity: indigo indigo: the “substance from india” obtaining a dyestuff/colourant from indigo colorable goods with indigo

  3. Indigo before the Age of Explorations indigo during Islam’s “Golden Age” 9th-12th century a profitable trade from India the biological transfer to the Middle East an extremely valuable good

  4. Indigo before the Age of Explorations indigo shows that Europe is peripheral crusaders discover blue “tiraz” cotton fabrics indigo for frescos, cosmetics … … importing blue fabrics

  5. Indigo and the Age of Explorations: Indian Ocean Europeans in Asia: a new network of indigo trade develops Portugal the first mover: 20% of shipments deal with indigo (end of 16th century) indigo’s high price/weight ratio, more than pepper and cloves

  6. Indigo and the Age of Explorations: Indian Ocean 1630:Dutch competition in trade (India), and production (Java) England’s share: by 1620 E.I. Co. 100 tons of indigo per year indigo trade profits up to 400% of capital invested

  7. Indigo and the Age of Explorations: Indian Ocean 1630: Dutch competition in trading with India … … and in production: transfer of indigo cultivation in Java indigo trade profits up to 400% of capital invested

  8. Indigo and the Age of Explorations: Indian Ocean England’s share: by 1620 East India Co. imports 100 tons of indigo per year a trade based on production by small scale Asian farmers Bombay’s “Blue warehouse”: 600 tons per year (end 17th c.)

  9. Indigo after the Age of Explorations: America before 1730s a relatively small scale production Spanish cultivation in Salvador shipments of 150-200 tons of “Guatemalan indigo” per year using native forced labor

  10. Indigo after the Age of Explorations: America French production: Haiti, and the Mississipi delta British production in Jamaica: 25 tons per year (end of 17th c.) in America: linking indigo with slavery

  11. Deep blue vs pale blue: the impact of Indigo in Europe Europe’s imperfect substitute: traditional dyeing with woad the spread of prohibitions against indigo: 16th-17th c. the calico “craze” of late 17° c. 1730s: calico secret unveiled

  12. Deep blue vs pale blue: the impact on production (Americas) from 1730s European demand for indigo increases plantation system is applied to American production Haiti’s boom: 1,000 tons a year the crises determined by the French Revolution

  13. Deep blue vs pale blue: the impact on production (Americas) indigo plantations in S. Carolina 500 tons per year around 1750s crises of exports determined by USA Revolution indigo production in Brazil: 180 tons (during the Revolutions)

  14. Indigo networks of trade around the World: Africa Islamic networks and the “blue men” of Sahara: Tuareg Indian cotton fabrics in East Africa 16th-17th century West Africa: indigo and blue textiles for slaves

  15. The impact of the Industrial Revolution 1750: Indian textiles are still 60% of East India Co. imports Industrial Revolution: massive production of blue cloths in Britain The need for more indigo, when American supply is declining

  16. The impact of the Industrial Revolution India: a new boom of indigo after 18th c. decline importing skills and technology 1805-14: 2,800 tons of indigo exported every year 1830s: half of the value of exports from Calicut is indigo

  17. The impact of the Industrial Revolution lack of silver: indigo as a mean for paying British in India small scale farming replaced by English controlled production 1850s revolts against indigo forced cultivation Ghandi’s call for undyed cloths

  18. The Chemical Revolution and the end of indigo Germany woad industry collapse the revenge of synthetic dyes: 1859 chemical purple 1878: synthetic blue by von Bayer end of 19th c. BASF large scale blue colourant production

  19. The Chemical Revolution and the end of indigo 1914: BASF producing 80% of world synthetic colourants 1895-1914: exports from India drop from 187,000 to 11,000 tons WW I: the lack of blue fabrics and the French soldier slaughter

  20. The Chemical Revolution and the end of indigo blue: a successful story indigo “blue collars” and blue synthetic uniforms Levi Strauss and indigo: from Genoa (jeans) to Nimes (denim) 1920: 1 billion pairs of blue jeans artificially dyed

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