New Trends in Water Resources Planning and Management Emphasis on Water Shortage Management

1. New Trends in Water Resources Planning and ManagementEmphasis on Water Shortage Management G. Tsakiris National Technical University of Athens Centre for the Assessment of Natural Hazards & Proactive Planning

2. OUTLINE A The Changing Context B Water Framework Directive C Decentralisation and Public Participation D Drought as a Natural Hazard E Water Shortage Management: The Proactive Approach F Concluding Remarks

6. The Transformation • Complexity • Uncertainty • Turbulence • Population Increase • Population Mobility • Urbanisation • Climate Change • Globalisation Complexification

9. Changing Approaches toPlanning and Management 1960s Feasibility studies, Elitist planning, Extrapolative orientation 1970s Environmental Impact Assessment, Indicators/Principles & Standards, modeling/data 1980s Cumulative Impact Assessment, foresight emphasis, “User pays,” “Polluter pays” principle 1990s Sustainability, Equity/Efficiency/Effort, Normative Planning 2000s Globalization, Integrated/Holistic/Comprehensive

10. Historic evolution of transparency and participation

11. Treatment of stakeholders: trends from warning, through consultation and participation to partnership

12. Emerging Key Notions • Integrated management • Water security • Transparency of governance • Policy reform • Transboundary interdependencies • River basin focus • True costing • Interdisciplinary approaches

13. Millennium Development Goals “By 2015, cut in half the proportion of people without sustainable access to safe drinking water and sanitation.”

15. THE ESSENCE OF WFD/2000 • PLANNING AND INTEGRATED MANAGEMENT • PRICING AND TRUE COST RECOVERY • PARTICIPATION AND IMPROVED DECISION MAKING

16. Key Characteristics WFD • Prevent further deterioration, achieve “good status“ for all waters • Promote sustainable water use • River basin approach • “Combined“ approach of emission limit values and quality standards • Get prices right • Get citizens involved

17. WFD/2000 Framework

19. Drought Phenomenon • More frequent and severe droughts • Higher vulnerability to water stress of society and environment • Drought affects water deficient and sufficient countries • Increased impacts in Europe • Drought the most difficult to determine hazard“creeping natural hazard”

20. Causes and types of water scarcity

21. Variables representing water availability

22. Hazard Vulnerability Risk Demand Impacts on - Municipalities - Industries - Tourism Hydrological Drought Water Shortage Meteorological Drought Impacts on Irrigated agriculture Agricultural Drought Impacts on rainfed agriculture Drought as a natural hazard

23. Drought impacts • Economic • Environmental • Social

24. Climate Change Three major findings for increased Climate Variability during the 21st century for the Mediterranean region (IPCC, 2007): • Temperature increase in the order of 1.4o C up to 5.8o C • Precipitation decrease in the order of 20% • Increased frequency of extreme events, mainly floods, droughts, heat waves and forest fires

25. P time P time Climate Change • Change in the mean • Change in the dispersion floods droughts

26. Key scientific and technical issues • Monitoring of water-related variables • Selection of drought indices • Comparability – drought prone areas • Uni-dimensional analysis

27. Water system vulnerability • Exposure of the System (E) • Capacity of the System (S) • Social Factor (SF) • Severity of the event (Qmax) • Conditions and interrelated factors (I)

28. Major Water Shortage Management Options

29. Α. Severity Assessment – Transparency • Frequent information of water shortage severity • Meetings and public discussions • Task force establishment • Analysis of demand and efficiency • Preparation of options and responsibilities • Targets in various uses • Official request to central government and/or EU • Planning of employees’ vacations

30. Β. Demand reduction measures (1) • Public learning campaign appeals for voluntary conservation from • Farmers • Industrialists • Touristic agents • Public • Bounces and incentives • Free distribution and/or installation of particular water saving devices • Extensive installation of water meters (in all types of systems) • Low-flow showerheads • Shower flow restrictions • Toilet dams • Displacement devices • Pressure-reducing valves

31. Β. Demand reduction measures (2) • Restrictions on non essential uses: • Street flushing • Pavement hosing • Car washing • Lawn sprinkling • Filling of swimming pools • Water cooled air conditioning without re-circulation • Public fountains • Park irrigation • Irrigation of golf courses • Irrigation of perennial and drought resistant crops • Prohibition of selected commercial and institutional uses: • Car washes • School showers • Irrigation of non important plants

32. Β. Demand reduction measures (3) • Drought emergency pricing: • Irrigation water charge per volume • Drought rate (special extra charge for irrigation) • Drought surcharge on total water bills • Summer use charge • Rationing programmes • Per area and crop allocation of irrigation water • Per capita allocation of residential use • Per household allocation of residential use • Prior use allocation of residential use • Percent reduction of commercial and institutional use • Percent reduction of industrial use • Complete closedown of industries and commercial establishments with heavy use of water

33. C. System improvements • Raw water sources • Water treatment plant • Distribution system: • Reduction of system pressure to minimum possible levels • Implementation of a leak detection and repair programme • Discontinuing hydrant and main flushing • Selection of individual household inspection for repairs

34. D. Emergency water supplies (1) • Inter-use transfers • Purchase of water rights of farmers • Planned reallocation of irrigation to municipal use • Water trade - water banks • Inter-district transfers • Emergency interconnections • Importation of water by trucks • Importation of water by railroad cars

35. D. Emergency water supplies (2) • Cross-purpose diversions • Reduction of reservoir releases for hydropower production • Reduction of reservoir releases for flood control • Diversion of water from recreation water bodies • Relaxation of minimum streamflow requirements • Auxiliary emergency sources • Utilization of untapped creeks, ponds and quarries • Utilization of dead reservoir storage • Construction of a temporary pipeline to an abundant source of water (major river)

36. 10 9 8 Units of water 7 Priority III 6 5 Priority II 4 Priority I 3 2 1 0 O N D J F M A M J J A S months Prioritisation of water demand

37. Institutional and governance issues • Dimensions • Technocratic dimension • Implementation process • Institutional context • Key critical issues for RBO establishment • Consistent commitment of governance • Acceptance of shared responsibilities • Participation of stakeholders • Fully institutionalised initiatives

38. Concluding remarks • Proactive management of water systems • Drought indices assessing drought severity • Uni-dimensional analysis of drought • Common truncation level for comparability between regions • Water shortages caused by drought • Vulnerability analysis of each system • Risk the key determinant for prioritisation of demand • RBO the responsible agencies