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Chapter 2: Colonizing America. American History. The Conquest of Mexico. In 1511, the Spanish have already conquered most of the Caribbean, enslaving the inhabitants of each island Due to a plaque of smallpox, most of the enslaved died
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Chapter 2: Colonizing America American History
The Conquest of Mexico • In 1511, the Spanish have already conquered most of the Caribbean, enslaving the inhabitants of each island • Due to a plaque of smallpox, most of the enslaved died • In order to acquire a new workforce, Governor of Cuba Diego Velazquez assigned Hernan Cortez to lead an expedition into the Yucatan Peninsula in Mexico • Inhabitants of the peninsula were the Aztec peoples
Cortes as Quetzalcoatl • Upon arrival, Cortes sided with the Tlaxcalan peoples against the Aztecs and their leader, Montezuma • Montezuma, believing Cortes to be the god Quetzacoatl, tried many tactics to prevent Cortes from attacking his people • Cortes pressed on into the capital, Tenochtitlan, and ascended into power • Despite rebellions from high priests, Cortes and his conquistadors gained control of the area, calling it “New Spain”
Other explorations and conquests • In addition to Cortez, Spanish captain Francisco Pizarro led an expedition to South America to conquer the Incas • Took the emperor hostage, executed him, and placed other “puppet” emperors in charge • Many Spanish explorers traveled around New Spain and North America in search of gold • Many were unsuccessful • Those who succeeded in exploring North America established missions and presidios to encourage religion and trade • Many Natives defied their settler masters, but were quickly put down
Spanish American society • The conquistadors were mainly hidalgos, or low ranking nobles • Upon completion of a conquest, the leader would give each hidalgo a piece of the conquered land • Known as the encomienda system • Spanish society, in the conquered worlds, was based on class, and relied on birth, income, and education • Peninsulares: born in Spain and appointed to high positions • Criollos: born in Spanish colonies • Mestizos: mix of Spanish and Native American blood • The Spanish soon establish silver ore mines and cattle ranches in the colonies • Ranches were called haciendas and ranchers were called vaqueros
The Frenchies come to America • King Francis I of France sent Giovanni da Verrazano and Jacques Cartier to map the North American coastline and to attempt to find the Northwest Passage, or a northern route to the Pacific Ocean • The French colonized primarily in Nova Scotia and Quebec, calling their territory “New France” • Many who lived in the territories were fishermen and fur traders, or coureurs de bois • In order to keep up with Spanish and English competition, the French explored North American territories • Rene-Robert Cavelier de La Salle became the first European to travel down the Mississippi River • Many settled in Lousiana
The English establish colonies • The English begin establishing colonies in the Americas after defeating the Spanish Armada in 1588 • colonies would bring England exports and raw materials • The English wished to establish mercantilism: • trades with and establishes wealth from colonies • Many went to the colonies for various reasons: • spread religion • seek fortune abroad
Beginning Colonies • The colonies of Roanoke and Sagadahoc failed due to Native Americans cutting off English supply and disputes with Native Americans • To raise money for future colonies, the English set up the joint-stock company • investors would own pieces of the company and put money into the colonies with the hope of getting more money in return • Investors and merchants organized a charter to establish a colony in 1607 • written contract giving the investor the right to establish a colony • first colony was settled in Jamestown, Virginia
Jamestown Colony • Because of colonists trying to find riches instead of building, along with the harsh weather, not many survived at Jamestown • John Smith took over in Jamestown, building up the colony and persuading the Powhatan tribe to trade corn with the colonists • John Rolfe developed popular tobacco that was grown in Jamestown, making the colony successful • allowed colonists to own land, which they used for tobacco growing • colonists used indentured servants to help farm their land • people who sold their labor in exchange for coming to the colony • In order to get more local control, the colonists met once a year in an assembly • House of Burgesses
Colonies in New England • The Pilgrims, a separatist group of the Church of England, desired to establish a colony in North America to escape religious persecution • asked the Virginia Company to pay for the voyage • sailed on the Mayflower and landed in New England • Pilgrims made friends with Samoset and Squanto • negotiated a peace treaty and taught the Pilgrims how to plant, hunt, and fish • established the first “Thanksgiving” in celebration of the harvest
Puritans come to America • The Puritans, a religious group interested in purification, settled in New England to escape religious persecution • known as the Great Migration • Basic unit on a Puritan colony was the congregation • group of people belonging to the same church • each congregation set up its own town, with a meetinghouse for town meetings to occur in
Challenges to Puritan Life • The Puritans believed in long and hard work hours, which contributed to the rapid growth of the colony • Many challenged the Puritan way of life • Roger Williams opposed taking of American lands: founded Rhode Island • Anne Hutchinson opposed using the church to worship God: was kicked out of Massachusetts • The Quakers believed finding God through an “inner light”: left for Rhode Island
Salem Witch Trials • Changes in society caused many Puritans to fear each other • girls began falsely accusing others of witchcraft • The Salem Witch Trials was viewed as a sign of God to return to normal society • 100 were arrested and tried, and 20 were executed • showed the Puritans that liars can turn a society around
The Middle Colonies • The Middle Colonies were New York, Pennsylvania, New Jersey, and Delaware • settled by those escaping religious persecution • rich soil and mild winters made it favorable for farming and raising livestock • New York was founded by the Dutch who were financed by the Dutch West India Company • originally called it New Netherland • used a patroonsystem to attract more settlers • patroons brought in settlers in exchange for land • The English wanted to drive out the Dutch from New York due to trade issues • the Dutch gave the colonies to the English, and New York became a proprietary colony of England, with the Duke of York owning it
Our Tri-State Area • New Jersey was given up by the English in New York to promote religious freedoms • Pennsylvania was founded by William Penn, a Quaker • in repayment for persecution, the king of England gave Penn a large piece of land in America, which came to be Pennsylvania, or “Penn’s Woods” • Penn used the colonies to house the persecuted Quakers, along with all other religions\ • Delaware was given its own assembly by Penn, and eventually became its own colony
The “Durty” South • The Southern Colonies were Maryland, North and South Carolina, and Georgia • soil and warm weather were suitable for warm crops, like tobacco and rice • Maryland was established by Lord Baltimore for Catholic refugees • passed the Toleration Act to include all religions • North and South Carolina were originally one colony for the French and English to escape persecution • because of conflicts, the colonies revolted and became a royal colony, owned by the king, which was then split in two • Georgia was founded for English debtors who owned money to the king • was made a royal colony after the king was displeased with its governor
