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Chapter 11

Chapter 11. Evaluating Aging and Adult Fitness. Chapter 11 Outline. Aging and Fitness Effect of Aging on Fitness Aerobic Fitness Body Composition Strength Evaluation of Adult Fitness Evaluation of Functional Fitness. Aging and Fitness. U.S. population is aging

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Chapter 11

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  1. Chapter 11 Evaluating Aging and Adult Fitness

  2. Chapter 11 Outline • Aging and Fitness • Effect of Aging on Fitness • Aerobic Fitness • Body Composition • Strength • Evaluation of Adult Fitness • Evaluation of Functional Fitness

  3. Aging and Fitness • U.S. population is aging • Median age (1990) = 32.9 years • Median age (2000) = 35.3 years • 1990-2000 saw increase in older adults (65+ years) from 32 million to 35 million • Baby boomers will start retiring from 2011 • Need to promote physical activity in order to improve quality of life and independence of older adults

  4. Investigating Aging Effect on Fitness • Cross-sectional methods • One-time measure across different age groups • YMCA database of 20,000 adults 18-65+ years • Y’s Way to Physical Fitness test norms available across adult age groups • Can use regression techniques to estimate age effect on fitness

  5. Estimating Aging Effect on Fitness • e.g., Jackson et al. (1996) data on over 400 women • VO2max (ml/kg/min) = 52.726 - 0.537*age • Slope (- .537) indicates VO2max declines, on average, by 0.537 ml/kg/min/year • e.g., for 52-year-old woman, estimated VO2max = 52.726 - 0.537*52 • = 52.726 - 27.924 • = 24.80 ml/kg/min

  6. Investigating Aging Effect on Fitness • Longitudinal designs • Need at least two measures, separated by several years • Rate of decline = (T1 - T2)/(Age2 - Age1) • T1 = fitness score at Age1, T2 = fitness score at Age2 • More accurate estimate of decline over time, but more expensive and time-consuming than cross-sectional data collection

  7. Estimating Aging Effect on Fitness • e.g., Jackson et al. (1996) data on over 400 women • Age1 = 44.1 years, VO2max = 30.1 ml/kg/min • Age2 = 47.9 years, VO2max = 27.8 ml/kg/min • Rate of decline = (30.1 - 27.8)/(47.9 - 44.1) • Rate of decline = (2.3)/(3.8) • Rate of decline = 0.61 ml/kg/min/year

  8. Aerobic Fitness • Declines with age during adulthood • Decline in maximal heart rate is major contributing factor • Other factors: decline in physical activity, reduction in muscle mass, increase in fat mass • Cross-sectional data: decline is 0.4-.05 ml/kg/year • Longitudinal data: decline is 0.04 to 1.43 ml/kg/year

  9. Aerobic Fitness • Declines with age during adulthood • Decline in maximal heart rate is major age-related contributory factor • Other factors: decline in physical activity, reduction in muscle mass, increase in fat mass • Cross-sectional data: decline is 0.4-0.5 ml/kg/min/year • Longitudinal data: decline is 0.04 to 1.43 ml/kg/min/year

  10. Body Composition • Body weight and body fatness increase during adulthood • BMI levels off around 45 years in men, and 55 years in women • Percent fat levels off during 50s • Increase in percent fat is due to combination of fat mass increase and fat-free mass decrease (especially muscle mass)

  11. Strength • Maximal strength attained between 20 and 30 years of age • Gradual decline thereafter • Decline in activity appears to be major factor • Manual workers appear to maintain strength during middle and later adult years • Sedentary older adults can gain strength from training

  12. Evaluating Adult Fitness • YMCA test battery (all adults) • Army Physical Fitness Test (military personnel) • AAHPERD Test (older adults) • Senior Fitness Test (older adults) • Groningen Test (older adults)

  13. Y’s Way to Physical Fitness • Fitness test battery • Comprehensive fitness training program • Normative database from over 20,000 adults • Aerobic fitness • 3-minute step test • submaximal cycle ergometer test (multistage) • Body composition • sum of 3 skinfolds (converted to percent fat) • sum of 4 skinfolds (converted to percent fat)

  14. Y’s Way to Physical Fitness • Muscular strength • submaximal bench press test to fatigue • Muscular endurance • 1-minute timed sit-up • Flexibility • trunk flexion test

  15. U.S. Army Physical Fitness Test (APFT) • Maintenance of fitness a requirement of military personnel • APFT consists of three tests • Criterion-referenced standards, provided for age and gender groups • Alternative tests are available for medically excused personnel • Personnel over 40 years require cardiovascular screening prior to testing

  16. Army Physical Fitness Test • Push-up test • self-determined cadence • maximum in 2 minutes • Sit-up test • self-determined cadence • maximum in 2 minutes • 2-Mile Run test • walking permitted, but discouraged

  17. Army Physical Fitness Test • Alternate tests: • 800-yard swim test • 6.2-mile cycle ergometer test, 2 kilopond resistance • 6.2-mile bicycle test • 2.5-mile walk test • Body composition • not part of APFT, but must meet percent fat standards, or go on weight-loss program

  18. Functional Fitness • Important for older adults • Capacity to meet demands of everyday functional activities • Activities of daily living (ADLs) • Dressing, bathing, cooking, mobility • Important to independent living, reduction in health care costs

  19. Functional Fitness • Functional capacity categories: • Physically dependent • Physically frail • Physically independent • Physically fit • Physically elite

  20. AAHPERD Test • Developed by committee appointed by AAHPERD Council on Aging and Adult Development • Body composition • Ponderal index • Lower body flexibility • Trunk/Leg flexibility test • Agility • Agility/Dynamic balance test

  21. AAHPERD Test • Fine motor abilities • “Soda Pop” Coordination test • Upper body strength • Seated Biceps Curl test • Aerobic fitness • 880-yard walk

  22. Senior Fitness Test • Developed over several years, as part of LifeSpan Project • Extensive data collected to evaluate reliability and validity, and provide norms • Detailed description given of test development, reliability and validity procedures, and theoretical rationale • Thorough consideration given to 11 important test development criteria

  23. Senior Fitness Test • Lower body strength • Chair Stand test • Upper body strength • Arm Curl test • Lower body flexibility • Chair Sit-and-Reach test • Upper body flexibility • Scratch test

  24. Senior Fitness Test • Aerobic fitness • 6-Minute Walk test • 2-Minute Step-in-Place test • Agility, dynamic balance • 8-Foot Up-and-Go test • Body composition • Body Mass Index

  25. Groningen Fitness Test for the Elderly • Used in longitudinal study of age-related fitness changes in older adults (Netherlands) • Concurrent validity data obtained by correlating with laboratory tests • Aerobic fitness • Walking Endurance test • Upper body strength • Grip Strength test

  26. Groningen Fitness Test for the Elderly • Lower body flexibility • Hip Flexibility test • Upper body flexibility • Shoulder Flexibility test • Agility and/or Balance • Balance Platform test • Fine motor abilities • Manual Dexterity test • Reaction Time test

  27. Test Battery Comparison

  28. Computer Applications • Important for adult fitness settings • Database management • Recording workouts • Monitoring progress • Providing feedback (norm- or criterion-referenced) • Exercise prescription

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