Pre-Inca civilizations

2. Pre-Inca civilizations hum2461 Instructor: Ericka Ghersi

3. 1. Chavín (1500-200BCE) 2. Paracas (800BCE-0) 3. Nazca (200BCE-800CE) 4. Moche (0-800CE) PRE-INCA CIVILIZATIONS

5. Valdivia civilization (Ecuador)

6. Valdivia civilization • Between 3500 BC and 1800 BC • Lived in houses built in a circle or oval around a central plaza. • Were sedentary people (lived off farming and fishing.) • Valdivians cultivated maize, kidney beans, squash, cassava, hot peppers and cotton plants. • Cotton was used to make clothing.

7. They extended their influence to other civilizations along the coast. CHAVIN Elevation: Cajarma (2750 m (9022 ft) / Cusco (around 3400 m (11200 ft) Chavin (3180 meters (10430 ft) / Pachacamac (50-100m)

8. Chronology (Time Table)

9. Puquios aqueduct Nazca

10. ARCHITECTURE: The Chavín de Huántar Temple

11. Raimondi Stela

12. Architecture • Created a successful drainage system. • Several canals built under the temple acted as drainage,. • The Chavín showed advanced acoustic understanding.

13. Architecture • The temple appeared to be roaring like a jaguar, a sacred animal. It was built of white granite and black limestone, neither of which is found near the Chavín site.

14. Metallurgy

15. Used early techniques to develop refined gold work (the melting of metal had been discovered at this point and was used as a solder) Metallurgy • Knew soldering, and used early techniques to develop refined gold work.

16. Art • Chavín pottery with respect to shape reveals two kinds of vessels: Polyhedrous carved type. Globular painted type.

17. Stylistically • Chavín art forms make extensive use of the technique of contour rivalry. The art is intentionally difficult to interpret and understand, since it was intended only to be read by high priests of the Chavín cult, who could understand the intricately complex and sacred designs. The Raimondi Stela is one of the major examples of this technique.

18. Contour rivalry • It is an artistic technique used to create multiple possible visual interpretations of an image. An image may be viewed as depicting one thing when viewed in a certain way; but if the image is flipped or turned, the same lines that formed the previous image now make up an entirely new design.

19. Contour rivalry • A detail of the Raimondi Stela, an example of contour rivalry produced by the Chavin culture. • This technique was widely practiced by the artists of the Chavin culture of the central Andes about two thousand years ago. An example of this technique from the Chavín is the Raimondi Stela.

20. Art (Stela de Raimondi)

23. SteladeRaimondi

24. The nature-based iconography of anthropomorphic figures which utilizes a feline theme is one of the broad and characteristic traits of Chavín culture. Religion

25. Religion: Few deities The main deity is characterized by long fangs and long hair made of snakes. God responsible for balancing opposing forces.

26. The deity of the underworld, represented as anacondas. Otherdeities: • The deity for food represented through flying cayman. • The deity of the supernatural world in general is represented through jaguars.

27. Agriculture and drainage system • The Chavin de Huantar temple is an example of architecture and control of the enviroment. The temple's design shows complex innovation to adapt to the highland environments of Peru. • They developed elaborated irrigation systems to assist the growth of potato, peanut, quinoa, and maize.

28. The end