Advancements in PMT Calibration for IceCube Experiment

1. Calibration of the 10inch PMTfor IceCube Experiment 03UM1106 Kazuhiro Fujimoto A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements of the degree of Master of Science At Graduate School of Science and Technology

2. OUTLINE • The purpose of IceCube • Charge Resolution measurement • Noise Counting • Wave form Taking • ROMEO simulator • Summary

3. Concept of IceCube • Extraterrestrial neutrino source search • AGN, GRB etc • Detect the Cherenkov light from the neutrino-induced charged leptons (e,m,t) by Photo Multiplier Tubes. How to detect n IceCube

4. Location of Ice Cube Ice Cube 1km AMANDA South Pole

5. DOM Structure of Ice Cube • 80 Strings • 4800 Digital Optical Modules (DOM) • 1 k㎥ volume • AMANDA within IceCube • Energy Range 107 eV ～ 1020 eV string DOM

6. thermal After Pulse Photo Multiplier Tube (PMT) Model R7081-02 • Hamamatsu Photonics • Size : 10 inches • Stages of Dynode : 10 • Gain : 107 ~ 108 at HV 2kV (2DScan) =∫V/Rｄｔ Pulse Voltage Dynode Time

7. Sampling number : 58 Temperature: -32℃ > 5×107 at HV 2000V < 500Hz > 2.0 Operation Gain is 107 PMT Specification in ice • Gain • Noise Rate • Peak to Valley Ratio

8. Electronics of SPE Response CAMAC PCI Card GP-IB Crate Controller CAMAC Interface Function Generator ADC GP-IB Interface Sync. LinuxPC 70nsec Gate Freezer(-32℃) Signal PMT UV LED NIM Gate Generator Discriminator ~0.01 photo-electron/shot TTL-NIM Converter

9. Freezer Produced by Nihon Freezer Temp –32degree

10. PMT Setting into Freezer Base circuit Diffuser attached to UV LED

11. Peak to Valley Ratio 4~6[ns] Charge Resolution 50~70[mV] Gain Single Photo-Electron Pulse Charge Distribution Pedestal SPE 1 bin = 0.25 pC

12. Fitting Function

13. Result 1: Voltage dependence of Gain criteria

14. criteria Result 2: Voltage dependence of Charge Resolution and Peak to Valley Ratio Charge Resolution Peak to Valley Ratio

15. Result 3: Distribution of Charge Resolution and Peak to Valley Ratio Charge Resolution 30 Peak to Valley Ratio 30 10 10 20-25 25-30 30-35 35< [%] 2-3 3-4 4-5 5< Total PMTs : 58

16. Noise Counting • Veto count After pulse and Ringing. • Threshold of Noise Rate is 0.3 p.e. This value is 17.4mV at gain of 5×107 3.4mV at gain of 1×107

17. After Pulse Electronics of Noise Counting Freezer(-32℃) PMT NIM Signal Discriminator Gate Generator Scaler Dark current noise Output of Discriminator Output of Gate Generator Scaler Δt Δｔ＝800ns～8μs

18. Result : Distribution of Noise Rate at 5×107 [Hz] Total PMTs : 58

19. Discussion • Criterion ：<500[Hz] at 1×107 • Noise Rate: depend on gain Measured gain dependence of noise rate by the oscilloscope. → This corresponds to< 650[Hz] at 5×107 . ⇒ 71 % OK

20. Waveform Taking for ROMEO • Make Model of Waveform for the DOM simulation (ROMEO). Fitting Function? Fitting parameters? • Examine S.P.E waveform. Tube to Tube Variance of Pulse Width

21. Electronics of Waveform Taking LinuxPC GP-IB PCI Board GP-IB Oscilloscope CH2 CH1 GP-IB Interface Function Generator Sync. Signal Discriminator Level Gain 5×107 :10 [mV] NIM Trigger Divider Freezer(-32℃) Discriminator Gate Generator PMT UV LED Coincidence Gate Generator 75nsec ~0.01 photo-electron /shot TTL-NIM Converter

22. pulse Gaussian Fit SPE pulse [mV] [mV] [ns]

23. Result :Time Width Distribution of SPE Pulses SPE pulse width : 3.6 ~ 4.8 [ns] <4.0 4.0-4.2 4.2-4.4 4.4<[ns]

24. ROMEO(the Root-based Optical Module EmulatOr) • The photon propagation of DOM and ice

25. Light Source Single Photon simulation used ROMEO 0.3pe Photon × Angle of 0° N Photo-electron Angle of –90° Gained Charge ５×10７×1.6×10-19 [C] [C] photoelectron × 1st dynode N Photo-electron

26. 0° -90° N>0.3PE Ninjected Angle dependence of detected photo-electron ratio • Tube to tube difference • 8 ~ 13 % • Angle acceptance • 0 degree : ~0.06 • ±135 degree : <0.01

27. Summary 1 • Charge Response Fittedby Gaussian + Exponential Gain 107 < 2000V Charge Resolution 0.2 ~ 0.4 at gain of 5×107 Peak to Valley Ratio 2.3 ~ 6.8 at gain of 5×107 Charge Resolution No HV dependence • Noise Counting Noise Rate < 500[Hz] 41 / 58 Satisfied criteria 71[%]

28. Summery 2 • ROMEO simulation • Waveform taking • Fitted by Gaussian • Width of SPE pulse 2.9 ~ 4.6 [ns] • Angle acceptance • 0 degree : ~0.06 • ±135 degree : <0.01 • Tube to tube difference • 8 ~ 13 %

29. Result 2: Compare HAMAMATSU to Chiba Univ. At 5×107 Gain At 1×107 Gain Space Charge effect

30. Result: Fitting Result

31. Electric: Noise Counting at gain of 1×107 LinuxPC GP-IB PCI Board GP-IB Oscilloscope CH2 CH1 GP-IB Interface Function Generator Self Trigger Sync. Signal Discriminator Level 1500,1600V:10mV 1700~2000V:50mV Freezer(-32℃) PMT UV LED

32. Noise Counting at gain of 1×107 • Motivation Is Noise thermal or other ? Noise Rate at gain of 5×107 ⅴ Noise Rate at gain of 1×107 ? Noise Rate at gain of 5×107 is NOT satisfiedcriteria.

33. How to Fitting of Waveform 1. Peak search . Decide x0. 2. 1st Gaussian Fit (Fit Range x0 ±3ns) 3. 2nd Gaussian Fit (Fit Range x0 ± 3σ[ns]) Gaussian Function Variable Factor N : Normalization Factor σ：Sigma[ns] x0: Peak Point[ns] G：Ground[mV]

34. Result • Average Ratio = 0.77 ±0.12 • Noise Rate criteria > 646 ±110 [Hz] • Failure rate 17 / 58 PMTs 29 [%]

35. Photo Multiplier Tube (PMT) Model R7081-02 (Have been installed in last winter) • Hamamatsu Photonics • Size : 10 inches • Stages of Dynode : 10 • Gain : 107 ~ 108 at HV 2kV

36. Motivation of the PMT Calibration • Check the PMTs stand up to Operation. • For DOM simulation with Monte-Carlo. • For Event Reconstruction.

37. Single Photo-Electron Response • Build Charge Response Model for the DOM simulation • Whether the PMTs satisfy the criteria. HV dependence of Gain

38. A Scattering Absorption ice bubbles dust dust Polar Ice Optical Properties Average optical ice parameters: λabs ~ 110 m @ 400 nm λsca_eff ~ 20 m @ 400 nm Measurements: ►in-situ light sources ►atmospheric muons