Migration in the Age of Imperialism

1. Migration in the Age of Imperialism

2. 19th Century Migration

3. Major Migrations • Migrations of Europeans • To temperate zones • To tropical zones • Migrations of the colonized • Internal Migrations • International Migrations • Indentured Laborers

4. Common Push Factors • Population explosions • European population triples • Chinese and Indian populations increase 50% • Economic and political change • Industrial Revolution • Social Darwinism • War and Rebellion • Europe, 1848 • Indian Rebellion 1857- 1858 • Opium Wars and Sun Yat-sen • “Natural” Disasters

5. 19th Century Famine • Ireland • 1/8 of the population (1845-1849) • Finland • Possibly 1/6 of the population (1866-1868) • Russia • France • Japan • Iceland • India • 12-29 million (1876-1902) • China • 19-30 million (1876-1900)

6. Common Pull Factors • Technological Advances: • Steam Ships • Mechanization • Market Dynamics • Urbanization • Global Supply and Demand

7. Europeans

8. Imperial Motivations • Civilizing Mission • Internal Political Pressure • Competition/Proxy Warfare • Supplies for Industry • Markets for Industrial Goods

9. What’s the Attraction? • For Empire! • The “New Europes” • Algeria • A new piece of France • South Africa • “Uninhabited” land • Mining • Australia and New Zealand • Fenceless prison • “Uninhabited” land • Sheep

10. The Colonized

11. Leaving Home • Education • To the Metropole! • Work Opportunities • Factory Work • Plantation Work • Mining Work • Domestic Work • “Free” Labor vs Indentured Labor

12. The New Slavery? • "We labor 21 hours out of 24 and are beaten....On one occasion I received 200 blows, and though my body was a mass of wounds I was still forced to continue labor.... A single day becomes a year.... And our families know not whether we are alive or dead."-Testimony of Chinese plantation laborers, China-Cuba Commission Report, 1874

13. Indentured Laborers

14. Why Opt for Indentured Labor? • Kidnapping, “rescued” slaves • Escaping debt, violence or prison • Promises of riches • Typically deceived about pay, but, pay was still 2 to 4 times what they could expect at home

15. Indentured Life • The Voyage • Housing • Food, Sanitation and Disease • Heavy labor • Abuse Varied Widely • Length of Service • After Indenture

16. Some Numbers:

17. African Laborers

18. Chinese and Japanese Laborers

19. Indian Laborers

20. Images • Slide #2: • http://subersivemapsntravel.blogspot.com/2011/05/subversive-maps.html • Slide #7: • Pakenham, 257 • Slide #10: • http://backstoryradio.org/sweet-and-dangerous-a-history-of-sugar/ • Slide #12: • http://www.cetel.org/part1.html • Slide #13: • Northrup, 3 • Slide #17: • Northrup, 49 • Slide #18: • Northrup, 61 • Slide #19: • Northrup, 53

21. References • Cook, Scott B. Colonial Encounters in the Age of High Imperialism, New York: Longman Publishers, 1996. • Conklin, Alice L. and Fletcher, Christopher, eds. European Imperialism: 1830-1930, Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company, 1999. • Davis, Mike. Late Victorian Holocausts: El Nino Famines and the Making of the Third World, New York: Verso, 2001 (paperback: 2002). • Lawrence, James. The Rise and Fall of the British Empire, New York: Saint Martin’s Press, 1994. • MacKenzie, John M., ed. Imperialism and Popular Culture, Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1986. • Northrup, David. Indentured Labor in the Age of Imperialism, 1834-1922, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1995. • Pakenham, Thomas. The Scramble for Africa: White Man’s Conquest of the Dark Continent From 1876 to 1912, New York: HarperCollins (reprint), 2003. • Prochaska, David. Making Algeria French: Colonialism in Bone, 1870-1920, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1990. • Schneider, William H. An Empire for the Masses: The French Popular Image of Africa, 1870-1900, Westport: Greenwood Press, 1982. • Tinker, Hugh. A New System of Slavery: The Export of Indian Labour Overseas, 1830-1920, London: Oxford University Press, 1974.