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Unit 18

Unit 18. Acids and Bases. I. Defining Acids & Bases. A. Properties Acids Bases 1. Taste sour bitter (not in lab) ex: Citrus ex: soap fruits, yogurt vinegar

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Unit 18

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  1. Unit 18 Acids and Bases

  2. I. Defining Acids & Bases • A. Properties Acids Bases • 1. Taste sour bitter (not in lab) ex: Citrus ex: soap fruits, yogurt vinegar • 2. Touch sting, feel sting eyes (not in lab) like water only, feel smooth, slippery

  3. I. Defining Acids & Bases • Properties Acids Bases • 3. Reactions React Don’t react w/metals Produce H2 • 4. Electrical Electrolyte Electrolyte conductivity • 5. Acid-Base blue-red red-blue Indicators One color in acids; another color in bases (litmus)

  4. I. Defining Acids & Bases • Properties Acids Bases • 6. Neutralization add base add acid (neutral) neutralization reaction forms a salt

  5. B. Definitions of Acids & Bases • 1. Arrhenius Definition: • An acid is a substance that dissociates in water to produce hydrogen ions (H+) • A base is a substance that dissociates in water to produce hydroxide ions (OH-) • Acids • HCl→ H+ + Cl- • HNO3→ H+ + NO3- • H2SO4→ 2H+ + SO42-

  6. B. Definitions of Acids & Bases • Bases • NaOH→ Na+ + OH- • KOH → K+ + OH- • Mg(OH)2 → Mg2+ + 2 OH- • Neutralization- acids + bases • H+(aq) + OH-(aq)→ H2O(l) • HCl(aq) + NaOH(aq) → H2O(l) + NaCl(aq) • Acid base water salt

  7. B. Definitions of Acids & Bases • HNO3(aq) + KOH(aq) → H2O(l) + KNO3(aq) • Acid base water salt • 2HI(aq) + Ca(OH)2(aq) → H2O(l) + CaI2(aq) • Acidbasewatersalt • Mg(s) + 2H+(aq) → Mg2+(aq) + H2(g) • Metalhydrogen ion metalionhydrogengas

  8. B. Definitions of Acids & Bases • 2. Bronsted-Lowry Definition: • An acid is any substance that can donate H+ ions. • A base is any substance that can accept H+ ions. • Advantages: not dependent on water focuses solely on H+ ions H+ = proton

  9. B. Definitions of Acids & Bases • An acid is a proton donor. • A base is a proton acceptor. • Monoprotic acids: donate one proton (HCl, HNO3) • Diprotic acids: donate two protons (H2SO4, H2CO3) • Triprotic acids: donate three protons (H3PO4)

  10. B. Definitions of Acids & Bases • Hydronium ion: • H+ + H2O → H3O+ hydronium ion • HCl(g) + H2O(l) → H3O+(aq) + Cl-(aq) • NH3(g) + H2O(l) → NH4+(aq) + OH-(aq) • Amphoteric: substance that can act as either an acid or a base

  11. C. Conjugate Acid-Base Pairs • NH3(g) + H2O(l) → NH4+(aq) + OH-(aq) • Base acid conjugate conjugate acid base NH3 -- NH4+ base – conjugate acid H2O -- OH- acid – conjugate base HClacid conjugate base? H2SO4 acid conjugate base?

  12. C. Conjugate Acid-Base Pairs • NH3(g) + H2O(l) → NH4+(aq) + OH-(aq) • Base acid conjugate conjugate acid base NH3 -- NH4+ base – conjugate acid H2O -- OH- acid – conjugate base HCl acid conjugate base? Cl- H2SO4 acid conjugate base? HSO4-

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