Do Now 1/23/15

1. Do Now 1/23/15 Use the maps on page 400 to answer the following: • Which new nation absorbed Serbia and Montenegro by 1919? • Which new nations were formed by treaties at the end of WWI (should find twelve)? • Which two empires does WWI end?

2. Do Now 1/26/15 20s Dance Character Persona In a paragraph describe some of the small-talk your character will be engaging in at the dance. -What are you up to? -Where are you living? -What projects/events are going on in your life?

3. World War I – Making Peace Notes #3

4. The Costs of War • The human and material costs of the war were staggering. • Estimated 9 million men killed in battle. • Estimated 18 million were disabled for life. • Estimated between 6 to 13 million civilians died. • In 1918, a deadly pandemic (the spread of a disease across a large area) of influenza struck the entire world. • It killed more than 20 million people.

5. The Financial Toll • Battle zones in France, Russia and anywhere the war was fought were reduced to rubble. • People returned home to find they had nothing and had to rebuild. • Rebuilding and paying for the war (war debt) were going to be extremely expensive. • People became very bitter towards Germany & Austria-Hungary.

6. The Financial Toll • How much did the war cost Germany? • $60 billion • Note: Germany was forced to pay $30 billion in reparations (payment for war damage).

7. The Financial Toll • Based on having to pay $60 billion in war costs AND $30 billion in reparations, what effect might the total costs of war have on Germany in the future? • Answer: It would harm Germany’s economy and make recovery very difficult. It would also cause resentment…and, it made it possible for a new dictator to rise…HITLER!

8. Placing the Blame • The Central Powers: • Claimed the armistice (cease-fire) was not a surrender. • They were surprised they were being viewed as “defeated” and angry about paying reparations. • The Allies: • Blamed the conflict on their defeated enemies (Germany, Austria-Hungary, & the Ottoman Empire). • Wanted them to pay reparations.

9. Political Turmoil • Under the stress of war, governments had collapsed in Russia, Germany, Austria-Hungary, and the Ottoman Empire. • Political radicals (people who wanted to make extreme change) wanted a new social order and new kind of government. • Many feared the spread of communism.

10. Political Turmoil • The European colonies in Africa and Asia realized imperial powers were not as powerful as they had seemed before the war. • Colonial troops that fought in the war came home with dreams of independence.

11. The Paris Peace Conference: Conflicting Goals • The Allies met at the Paris Peace Conference to discuss the fate of Europe. The Central Powers and Russia were not allowed to take part in the negotiations. Why? • Answer: The Central Powers were the first to declare war and Russia had left the war in 1918.

12. The Paris Peace Conference: Conflicting Goals • Three leaders would decide the fate of Europe: • David Lloyd George – British Prime Minister • Promised his people he would rebuild Britain. • Georges Clemenceau (KLEM un soh)– France • Wanted to punish and weaken Germany so it could never attack them again.

13. The Paris Peace Conference: Conflicting Goals • President Wilson – United States • Dedicated and stubbornly convinced that he was right. Wanted “peace without victory” based on his Fourteen Points.

14. Fourteen Points: Key Principles • What are the key Principles of the Fourteen Points? • 1. Self-Determination: Nationalities should have the right to establish their own governments. • 2. “Peace Without Victory:” The peace settlement should be generous and should not bitterly punish the losing nations. • 3. Disarmament: Nations should disarm and end militarism (glorification of the military)

15. Fourteen Points: Key Principles • 4. Fair treatment of colonial people: Colonial powers should protect their colonies. • 5. Establishment of a League of Nations: The formation of an international organization to settle nation-to-nation disputes. • *Note – Wilson hoped this would end secret treaties and alliances like those that led to WWI.

16. The Paris Peace Conference: Problems with the Peace • Self-Determination: • Other countries were making their own demands at the Paris Peace Conference. • Italy wanted the Allies to honor their secret agreement to give the land that Austria-Hungary lost in the war to them.

17. The Paris Peace Conference: Problems with the Peace • This violated the principle of Self-Determination. How? • These lands and others (like in Russia & the Ottoman Empire) wanted their own governments. They did not want to live under someone else’s rule. • Sometimes their territories overlapped, making it impossible to satisfy everyone.

18. The Paris Peace Conference: Problems with the Peace • So, Wilson had to compromise on his Fourteen Points. • He did NOT compromise on the principle of a League of Nations.

19. The Treaty of Versailles (vur SY) • In June, 1919 – Germany was ordered to sign the treaty of Versailles. • German delegates were horrified. • How did the Treaty of Versailles punish Germany?

20. The Treaty of Versailles • The treaty forced Germany to assume full blamefor causing the war and made them pay $30 billion in reparations (about $2.7 trillion today). • Severely limited the size of the German military. • Returned Alsace and Lorraine to France. • Took land from Western and Eastern Germany. • Stripped Germany of its overseas colonies. • Made Germans living in other countries return to Germany or Austria.

21. The Treaty of Versailles • The Germans signed because they had no choice. • German resentment of the Treaty of Versailles would poison the international climate for 20 years. • It would help spark an even deadlier world war in the years to come…World War II.

22. Outcome of the Peace Settlements • New nations emerged where the German, Austrian, and Russian empires had once ruled. • Poland became an independent nation after more than 100 years of foreign rule. • The Baltic states of Latvia, Lithuania, and Estonia received their independence. • Three new republics arose – Czechoslovakia, Austria, and Hungary. • A new Slavic state, Yugoslavia, was created.

24. The League of Nations Offers Hope • More than 40 nations joined the League. • They agreed to negotiate disputes rather than engage in war. • They agreed to take action against any aggressor together as a group (common action).

25. The League of Nations Offers Hope • BUT… • The United States Senate, led by Henry Cabot Lodge, did not want to sign the treaty. • The U.S. did not want to be obligated to fight in future wars. • Many Americans who lost family members in the war felt the same way.

26. The League of Nations Offers Hope • President Wilson would not compromise on the “common action” clause. • The Senate refused to ratify (approve) the treaty and the United States never joined the League. • Without the U.S., the League’s power was weakened and it had no power over non-member states. • Still, the concept of an international organization dedicated to peace for all people was a step towards the future.

27. The League of Nations Offers Hope • Why did the United States refuse to join the League of Nations? • Answer: They did not want to be obligated to fight in future wars.