18.2 Precambrian Time: Vast and Puzzling

1. Precambrian History 18.2 Precambrian Time: Vast and Puzzling  The Precambrian encompasses immense geological time, from Earth’s distant beginnings 4.56 billion years ago until the start of the Cambrian period, over 4 billion years later.  Precambrian Rocks • Shieldsare large, relatively flat expanses of ancient metamorphic rock within the stable continental interior. • Much of what we know about Precambrian rocks comes from ores mined from shields.

2. Geologic Time Scale

3. Remnants of Precambrian Rocks

4. Precambrian History 18.2 Precambrian Time: Vast and Puzzling  Earth’s Atmosphere Evolves • Earth’s original atmosphere was made up of gases similar to those released in volcanic eruptions today—water vapor, carbon dioxide, nitrogen, and several trace gases, but no oxygen. • Later, primary plants evolved that used photosynthesis and released oxygen. • Oxygen began to accumulate in the atmosphere about 2.5 billion years ago.

5. Precambrian History 18.2 Precambrian Time: Vast and Puzzling  Precambrian Fossils • The most common Precambrian fossils are stromatolites. • Stromatolites are distinctively layered mounds or columns of calcium carbonate. They are not the remains of actual organisms but are the material deposited by algae. • Many of these ancient fossils are preserved in chert—a hard dense chemical sedimentary rock.

6. Stromatolites • Stromatolites of Hamelin Pool

7. Early Paleozoic 18.2 Paleozoic Era: Life Explodes  Following the long Precambrian, the most recent 540 million years of Earth’s history are divided into three eras: Paleozoic, Mesozoic, and Cenozoic.

8. Early Paleozoic 18.2 Paleozoic Era: Life Explodes  Early Paleozoic History • During the Cambrian, Ordovician, and Silurian periods, the vast southern continent of Gondwana encompassed five continents (South America, Africa, Australia, Antarctica, and part of Asia).

9. Gondwana and the Continental Landmasses

10. Early Paleozoic 18.2 Paleozoic Era: Life Explodes  Early Paleozoic Life • Life in early Paleozoic time was restricted to the seas.

11. Life in the Ordovician Period

12. Late Paleozoic 18.2 Paleozoic Era: Life Explodes  Late Paleozoic History • Laurasia is the continental mass that formed the northern portion of Pangaea, consisting of present-day North America and Eurasia. • By the end of the Paleozoic, all the continents had fused into the supercontinent of Pangaea.

13. Late Paleozoic Plate Movements

14. Late Paleozoic 18.2 Paleozoic Era: Life Explodes  Late Paleozoic Life • Some 400 million years ago, plants that had adapted to survive at the water’s edge began to move inland, becoming land plants. • The amphibians rapidly diversified because they had minimal competition from other land dwellers.

15. Armor-Plated Fish

16. Model of a Pennsylvanian Coal Swamp

17. The Great Paleozoic Extinction 18.2 Paleozoic Era: Life Explodes  The world’s climate became very seasonal, probably causing the dramatic extinction of many species.  The late Paleozoic extinction was the greatest of at least five mass extinctions to occur over the past 500 million years.

18. Mesozoic Era 18.2 Mesozoic Era: Age of Reptiles  Dinosaurs were land-dwelling reptiles that thrived during the Mesozoic era. (Jurassic Period)  Mesozoic History • A major event of the Mesozoic era was the breakup of Pangaea.

19. Mesozoic Era 18.2 Mesozoic Era: Age of Reptiles  Mesozoic Life • Gymnosperms are seed-bearing plants that do not depend on free-standing water for fertilization. • The gymnosperms quickly became the dominant plants of the Mesozoic era.

20. Canadian Rockies Were Formed Throughout the Cretaceous Period

21. Mesozoic Era 18.2Mesozoic Era: Age of Reptiles  The Shelled Egg • Unlike amphibians, reptiles have shell-covered eggs that can be laid on the land. • The elimination of a water-dwelling stage (like the tadpole stage in frogs) was an important evolutionary step.

22. Mesozoic Era 18.2Mesozoic Era: Age of Reptiles  Reptiles Dominate • With the perfection of the shelled egg, reptiles quickly became the dominant land animals. • At the end of the Mesozoic era, many reptile groups became extinct. (end of the Cretaceous)

23. The Flying Reptile Pteranodon

24. Fossil Skull of an Extinct Crocodile

25. Cenozoic North America 18.2 Cenozoic Era: Age of Mammals  The Cenozoic era is divided into two periods of very unequal duration, the Tertiary period and the Quaternary period.  Plate interactions during the Cenozoic era caused many events of mountain building, volcanism, and earthquakes in the West.

26. Cenozoic Life 18.2 Cenozoic Era: Age of Mammals  Mammals—animals that bear live young and maintain a steady body temperature— replaced reptiles as the dominant land animals in the Cenozoic era.  Angiosperms—flowering plants with covered seeds—replaced gymnosperms as the dominant land plants.

27. Cenozoic Life 18.2Cenozoic Era: Age of Mammals  Mammals Replace Reptiles • Adaptations like being warm blooded, developing insulating body hair, and having more efficient heart and lungs allow mammals to lead more active lives than reptiles.

28. Fossils from La Brea Tar Pits

29. Cenozoic Life 18.2Cenozoic Era: Age of Mammals  Large Mammals and Extinction • In North America, the mastodon and mammoth, both huge relatives of the elephant, became extinct. In addition, saber-toothed cats, giant beavers, large ground sloths, horses, camels, giant bison, and others died out on the North American continent. • The reason for this recent wave of extinctions puzzles scientists.

30. The Geologic Time Scale Paleozoic Era (six periods) Means “Ancient Life” Cambrian Period (marine invertebrates) (540 million years ago) Trilobites Brachiopods Ordovician Period (primitive fish) vertebrates (490 million yrs. ago) Ostracoderms (bony plated fish) No plant life on land Silurian Period (marine vertebrates and invertebrates) (443 mya) Eurypterids Earliest land plants and animals such as spiders and Millipedes

31. The Geologic Time Scale Devonian Period (Age of Fishes)(417 mya) Lung fish Ichthyostega (first true amphibian) Land plants such as giant horsetails, ferns and cone bearing plants Carboniferous Period(Mississippian 354 mya,Pennsylvanian 323 mya) Forests and swamps cover much of the land Coal formation begins Amphibians and fish thrive Crinoids (relative of modern sea star) thrive Reptiles appear at the end of this period Permian Period (290 mya) Mass extinction of numerous life forms Appalachian Mountains form Trilobites become extinct Pangaea comes together

32. The Geologic Time Scale The Mesozoic Era (three periods) Triassic Period (248 mya) Dinosaurs (Terrible Lizards) Ranged in size from small squirrel to 30 meters long Ichthyosaurs Ammonite (shellfish similar to the nautilus) 1stmammals appear Jurassic Period (206 mya) Apatosaurus, Stegosaurus, pterosaurs(flying reptiles) First birds appear Cretaceous Period (144 mya) TyrannasaurusRex Angiosperms (flowering plants) Mass extinction of the dinosaurs

33. The Geologic Time Scale The Cenozoic Era (The Age of Mammals) Teritiary Period Paleocene and Eocene Epochs (65 mya – 54.8 mya) Lemuroids Hyracotherium (ancestor of the horse) Flying squirrels, bats, whales Oligocene and Miocene Epochs (golden age of Mammals) Largest known land animals existed at this time Raccoons, wolves, foxes, saber toothed cat Modern polar ice caps began to form Pliocene Epoch Bear, dog, cat became fully evolved Continental ice sheets began to spread Bering Land bridge appeared as sea levels fell

34. The Geologic Time Scale Quaternary Period Pleistocene Epoch Glaciation over Eurasia and North America Large mammal extinctions as humans entered the Holocene Epoch Ice age ends, sea levels rise 140 meters Great Lakes form Humans developed agriculture

35. Questions • Why are fossils rare in Precambrian rocks? Because possible fossils have been destroyed by weathering, erosion, volcanic activity and metamorphism and because early life forms lacked the hard parts that normally fossilize well • How did the formation of Pangaea affect Paleozoic life-forms? The shallow inland seas disappeared, causing many species of marine invertebrates to die out • How did the ice ages affect animal life during the Cenozoic Era? Warm-blooded, fur-covered mammals survived and became the predominant life-form • Compare the Permian extinction with the Cretaceous extinction. Both extinctions allowed a new group of animals to become the dominant life-form in the following era Permian extinction=reptiles became dominant Cretaceous extinction=mammals became dominant