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PERCEPTION!. Perception. What is perception and how does it influence our perspectives?. Perception. The process of integrating, organizing, and interpreting sensation. Perceptions Influenced by:. ----motivation ----Values ----Expectations ----Experience ----Culture ----Cognitive Style
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Perception • What is perception and how does it influence our perspectives?
Perception • The process of integrating, organizing, and interpreting sensation
Perceptions Influenced by: ----motivation ----Values ----Expectations ----Experience ----Culture ----Cognitive Style ----Personality And Remember…your brain takes SHORTCUTS!
Selective Attention • focus of conscious awareness on a particular stimulus
Visual Capture • tendency for vision to dominate the other senses
Perception – tell your neighbor the definition! • The process of integrating, organizing, and interpreting sensation
Gestalt Psychology • Gestalt Psychologists focus on how we normally perceive images as groups or as whole objects, not isolated elements “the whole is more than the sum of its parts ..” • Our brain takes shortcuts!
Figure- Ground relationship • organization of the visual field into objects (figures)……… that stand out from their surroundings (ground) • Analyzing separate information allows us to re-act to each individual object accordingly
Camouflage • when figures blend into the background • No distinction between “figure” and “ground”
Gestalt Psychology • Remember, Gestalt is our brain’s way of being efficient. • We see things as “whole” Our brain takes shortcuts!
…sometimes this is great! Automatic processes can enhance our perception
Olny srmat poelpe can raed tihs!cdnuolt blveiee taht I cluod aulaclty uesdnatnrd waht I was rdanieg. The phaonmneal pweor of the hmuan mnid, aoccdrnig to a rscheearch at Cmabrigde Uinervtisy, it deosn't mttaer in waht oredr the ltteers in a wrod are, the olny iprmoatnt tihng is taht the frist and lsat ltteer be in the rghit pclae. The rset can be a taotl mses and you can sitll raed it wouthit a porbelm. Tihs is bcuseae the huamn mnid deos not raed ervey lteter by istlef, but the wrod as a wlohe. Amzanig huh? yaeh and I awlyas tghuhot slpeling was ipmorantt!
…sometimes this is bad! Automatic processes can interfere with our perception
Now when you see the word, say ONLY the COLOR, not the word itself… Read the following words out loud… BLUE RED GREEN RED GREEN ORANGE YELLOW PINK BROWN BLUE
Our brain gets so used to seeing things as whole objects (top down), it struggles with the “bottom up”
Gestalt Perception • Other Gestalt principles involves grouping objects together (again, seeing them as “whole”) • Several factors influence how we will group objects: • Proximity • Similarity • Continuity • Closure
proximity • - your brain likes to group nearby figures together
Having trouble understanding the sign? • Your brain is trying to group the words based on proximity…
similarity- Objects that are similar in appearance are more likely to be perceived as belonging in the same group Color similarity – we see two “groups” of fruit, not 10 individual ones
Continuity (or continuation) The tendency to Perceive continuous patterns
Closure (or completeness)- • The tendency to overlook incompleteness, and complete objects • We make them fit our preconceptions
closure • Do you see a square? • How many triangles?
GESTALT = seeing things as “whole” • Gestalt cues employ principle of “praegnanz” the brain will always favor the “simplest solution” it can find That solution is based on what you already know and expect in a given context
Constancy • perceiving objects as unchanging despite changes in retinal image • There are three types of constancy cues: • Size Constancy • Shape Constancy • Brightness Constancy
Size Constancy • Objects closer to us will produce bigger images on our retinas, and as they move away they project a smaller image. The actual size of the object does not change
…but look how much smaller of an image they cast on our retina….surprising isn’t it? • …our brains assume that the guys in the background are similar in height to the other people….they are just farther away…
…by the same token, if an object farther away WERE the same size, our brain assumes it is much larger than it actually is…
Shape Constancy • Objects viewed from different angles will produce different shapes on our retina. Though we may change our position, the shape doesn’t change.
The 3 columns on the left and the 3 on the right are slightly different. Does the middle column belong with the left or the right? • We perceive it as being “slanted” and therefore being the same shape as the circles in the columns on the right • …but if you look carefully, you will notice that they are actually exactly the same as the circles on the left…
Brightness/Color Constancy • We perceive objects as having a constant color, despite lighting, shading, etc. • Are all these bricks the same color?
We perceive the white as a constant whiteness, regardless of the shadow, when in reality, it is the same gray as the gray squares...trust me.
Depth Perception • Depth Cuesallow us to perceive the world in three dimensions. • Monocular Cuesare depth cues that do not depend on having two eyes working in conjunction together • Binocular Cuesare depth cues that depend on having two eyes working in conjunction with each other
Monocular Cues • Relative Height • Relative Size • Texture Gradient • Interposition • Relative Clarity/Shadowing • Linear Perspective • Relative motion/motion parallax
relative size • smaller image is more distant
texture gradient • coarse --> close fine --> distant • (Look at the floor beneath you, and then across the room)
Interposition/ Overlap • A closer object blocks a more distant object
relative clarity/shadowing • hazy object seen as more distant • Lighted objects seem closer • Darker objects seem further away
