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بسم الله الرحمن الرحيم name of presentation : Phenomenology prepared by : S`tha Raheema Bs`arat Mohammad Barakat Ibrahim For D. 3aydah .
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بسم الله الرحمن الرحيمname of presentation : Phenomenologyprepared by : S`tha Raheema Bs`aratMohammad Barakat Ibrahim For D. 3aydah .
Objectives :1.Definition of phenomenology .2.Identify the two schools of phenomenology .3. Identify the four steps which descriptive phenomenological study often involve .
Definition :Phenomenology, rooted in a philosophical tradition developed by Husserl and Heidegger, is an approach to discovering the meaning of people’s life experiences .
* Phenomenological researchers ask:What is the essence of this phenomenon as experienced by these people and what does it mean?* Phenomenologist's assume there is an essence—an essential invariant structure—that can be understood, in much the same way that ethnographers assume that cultures exist.* Phenomenologist's investigate subjective phenomena in the belief that critical truths about reality are grounded in people’s lived experiences.
There are two “schools” of phenomenology:* descriptive phenomenology.* interpretive phenomenology(hermeneutics).
Descriptivephenomenology was developed first by Husserl (1962), who was primarily interested in the question: What do we know as persons ? His philosophy emphasized descriptions of the meaning of human experience.
interpretive phenomenology(hermeneutics). Heidegger, a student of Husserl, moved away from his professor’s philosophy into interpretive phenomenology. To Heidegger (1962), the critical question is : What is Being? He stressed interpreting and understanding—not just describing—human experience. The focus of phenomenological inquiry, then, is the meaning of people’s experience in regard to a phenomenon (descriptive phenomenology), and how those experiences are interpreted (hermeneutics).
* Phenomenologist's believe that lived experience gives meaning to each person’s perception of a particular phenomenon.* The goal of phenomenological inquiry is to fully describe lived experience and the perceptions to which it gives rise.* Four aspects of lived experience that are of interest to phenomenologist's are lived space or spatiality; lived body or corporeality; lived time or temporality; and lived human relation or relationally.
* Phenomenologist's believe that human existence is meaningful and interesting because of people’s consciousness of that existence.* The phrase being-in-the-world (or embodiment) is a concept that acknowledges people’s physical ties to their world—they think, see, hear, feel, and are conscious through their bodies’ interaction with the world.* In a phenomenological study ,the main data source is in-depth conversations ,with researchers and informants as full co-participants .
* The researcher helps the informant to describe lived experiences without leading the discussion .* through in-depth conversations ,the researcher strives to gain entrance into the informants world ,to have full access to their experiences as lived .
* Sometimes two separate interviews or conversations may be needed. For somephenomenological researchers, the inquiry includes not only gathering information from informants, but also efforts to experience the phenomenon in the same way, typically through participation, observation, and introspective reflection.
* Descriptive phenomenological study often involves the following four steps:bracketing, intuiting, analyzing, and describing.* Bracketing refers to the process of identifying and holding in abeyance preconceived beliefs and opinions about the phenomenon under study.* Although bracketing can never be achieved totally, researchers bracket out the world and any presuppositions, to the extent possible, so as to confront the data in pure form.
* Bracketing is an iterative process that involves preparing, evaluating, and providing systematic, ongoing feedback about the effectiveness of the bracketing.* Porter (1993) believes that bracketing can result in more productive use of researchers’ time if they attempt to understand the effects of their experiences rather than expending energy trying to eliminate them.
Ahern (1999) provides 10 tips to help qualitativeresearchers with bracketing through notes in a reflexive journal :1. Make note of interests that, as a researcher you may take for granted (i.e., gaining access).2. Clarify your personal values and identify areas in which you know you are biased.3. Identify areas of possible role conflict.
4. Recognize gatekeepers’ interest and make note of the degree to which they are favorably or unfavorably disposed toward your research.5. Identify any feelings you have that may indicate a lack of neutrality.6. Describe new or surprising findings in collectingand analyzing data.7. Reflect on and profit from methodologicalproblems that occur during your research.
8. After data analysis is complete, reflect onhow you write up your findings9. Reflect on whether the literature review is truly supporting your findings, or whether it is expressing the similar cultural background that you have.10. Consider whether you can address any bias inyour data collection or analysis by interviewing a participant a second time or reanalyzing the transcript in question.
* Intuiting, the second step in descriptive phenomenology, occurs when researchers remain open to the meanings attributed to the phenomenon by those who have experienced it.* Phenomenological researchers then proceed to the analysis phase (i.e., extracting significant statements, categorizing, and making sense of the essential meanings of the phenomenon).
* Finally, the descriptive phase occurs when the researcher comes to understand and define the phenomenon.* Note that an important distinction between descriptive and interpretive phenomenology is that in an interpretive phenomenological study, bracketing does not occur.* For Heidegger, it was not possible to bracket one’s being-in-the-world. Hermeneutics presupposes prior understanding on the researcher’s part.
* The phenomenological approach is especially useful when a phenomenon of interest has beenpoorly conceptualized.* The topics appropriate to phenomenology are ones that are fundamental to the life experiences of humans; for health researchers, these include such topics as the meaning of stress, the experience of bereavement, and quality of life with a chronic illness.
