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    1. 400586-YY -- A 1 Red/Black Separation Introduction and Electronic Warfare Application

    2. Topicality Definition of Terms Aircraft & MIL-STD-232A Physical Protection Electronic Warfare Application Electro-Magnetic Barrier Grounding, Bonding and Shielding Physical Separation Filtering and Isolation 400586-YY -- A 2 Overview

    3. Topicality Red/Black Separation is a concept that was created to differentiate between TEMPEST level requirements and the protection of Secret or even Top Secret information within a facility. It has been expanded to include systems Becoming widely used as an installation design criteria for aircraft as more commercial hardware is being used for military applications, especially avionics. 400586-YY -- A 3

    4. Definitions of Terms Red/Black Separation denotes the separation of systems that handle national security information (RED), in electrical form, from those that handle non-national security information (BLACK) in the same form. Electrical and Electronic Circuits Components Equipment Systems Areas where they are contained Physical Protection 400586-YY -- A 4

    5. Physical Protection This briefing addresses the design of a proper EM barrier and not the requirements for physical protection. It is assumed that any red equipment used in the EW suite will be considered unclassified after a normal shutdown. The CONOPS of the aircraft is assumed to provide sufficient physical protection to be considered a Limited Exclusion Area (LEA) when the equipment is powered. 400586-YY -- A 5

    6. Definitions of Terms Red: The area designated for the installation of equipment processing national security information (classified information or unencrypted classified information) Black: The area designated for the installation of equipment processing unclassified information or encrypted information 400586-YY -- A 6

    7. Definitions of Terms Signals denote transmitted data to/from equipment contained in a Red area and from a Red area to a Black area Types Analog Digital Power transmissions AC DC 400586-YY -- A 7

    8. Definitions of Terms Facility denotes the structure that encompasses both red and black equipment also known as Limited Exclusion Area (LEA). Equipment includes only external metallic case of a LRU that processes the type of data in question and not the wiring extending outside of the LRU 400586-YY -- A 8

    9. Definitions of Terms Entrance Plate denotes the barrier through which all conductors pass into the facility EM barrier Equipment case Metallic power distribution facilities Signal cable shields 400586-YY -- A 9

    10. Definitions of Terms Earth Electrode Subsystem (EESS) is typically a ring ground around the facility, augmented by an array varying length rods to ground that are driven near the facility entrance plate to provide a low impedance path to earth. Red Equipment Area (REA) denotes the area encompassing the red equipment 400586-YY -- A 10 REA = all red equipmentREA = all red equipment

    11. Aircraft as the EESS The aircraft framing and skin can be considered to be the ground (Earth) potential. Proper bonding and grounding techniques shall act as the ring ground to the aircraft. A LEA perimeter must be established within the EESS. Red/Black separation is the proper design of the perimeter barrier and the internal barriers for the Red equipment and the Black equipment 400586-YY -- A 11

    12. Electronic Warfare Application Case Study 400586-YY -- A 12

    13. Typical Integrated EW System 400586-YY -- A 13 Link with overview slideLink with overview slide

    14. Applying the Electro-Magnetic Barrier Grounding, Bonding and Shielding Physical Separation Filtering and Isolation 400586-YY -- A 14

    15. Grounding Bonding and Shielding (GBS) According to MIL-HDBK-232A, “Control of compromising emanations, EMP/HEMP protection, and RED/BLACK isolation depends fundamentally on proper GBS design.” Grounding denotes the electrically interconnected systems of conductors and conductive elements that provide current paths to earth. Bonding denotes the process of connecting together metal parts so that they make low resistance electrical contact for direct current and lower frequency alternating currents. The process of making a satisfactory electrical connection between the structure, including the metal skin, of an object or vehicle, and the mass of the Earth, to ensure a common potential with the Earth Shielding denotes a housing, screen, or cover which substantially reduces the coupling of electric and electro-magnetic fields into or out of circuits 400586-YY -- A 15

    16. Grounding & Bonding Requirements Multiple ground conductors to be installed from the signal cable shields to the aircraft along the wiring path Ground conductors shall be less than 3.6m to protect against the vulnerability of EMP/HEMP or lightning Ground conductors shall only be soldered if there is low risk from power surges which may cause the solder to melt. Shield grounds not to be spliced All power source filters shall have their case bonded to the LRU enclosure as that is considered the REA entrance plate 400586-YY -- A 16 Reword ‘every convenient point’Reword ‘every convenient point’

    17. G&B Design Considerations 400586-YY -- A 17

    18. Shielding Requirements All signal cables for Red and Black data shall have “an overall nonferrous circumferential shield.” Circumferential Cable Shields meet the conductance requirements of the standard ground leads with proper bonding Encompass the cable at both ends Bonding the shield circumference to the equipment enclosure Use a connector which has a conductive shell 360-degree contact with both the shield and with the mating connector Mandates a group-A requirement for the wiring of the complete EW suite including the cables to the avionics. Twisted pair wire bundles shall have at least an overall shield An additional 3dB of attenuation gained by shielding of each pair (Twisted Shielded Pair (TSP) 400586-YY -- A 18 Closed = completed, Define ‘this’, Clarify consideration of pair shieldingClosed = completed, Define ‘this’, Clarify consideration of pair shielding

    19. Shielding Design Considerations 400586-YY -- A 19

    20. Signal Distribution Guidance In addition to the grounding and shielding requirements, analog and digital signal conductor selection and design shall have a goal of keeping: Voltage levels low All pairs properly terminated Impedance of connections properly matched Shields properly closed and grounded 400586-YY -- A 20

    21. Physical Separation The goal of system design for Red equipment installation is to “create physical, electrical and EM barriers around the equipment…” To meet this requirement, an REA must be established within an LEA. The aircraft itself acts as the facility, EESS and the LEA. MIL-HDBK-232A sections 5.3.1 and 5.3.2 deal specifically with this case. 400586-YY -- A 21

    22. Physical Separation Requirements Equipment Red and Black equipment shall be separated by at least 0.9m. Red equipment shall be separated from COMSEC equipment by at least 0.9m. Black equipment shall be separated from COMSEC by 1.8m. Red equipment shall be separated by at least 50mm within the aircraft. Black voice equipment shall be separated from Red equipment by at least 1.8m. If visual inspection of the wiring for tampering is a requirement, then all equipment within the aircraft shall be at least 0.9m from the walls. Patch Panels Red Patch panels with Red signals that are filtered or isolated shall be separated from Black signal patch panels by at least 50mm. Red Patch panels with Red signals that are not filtered or isolated shall be separated from Black signal patch panels by at least 0.9m. 400586-YY -- A 22

    23. Physical Separation Equipment 400586-YY -- A 23

    24. Physical Separation Requirements Wiring Filtered (or isolated) Red and Black signal wires and power wires shall be separated by at least 50mm. In the case that filtered (or isolated) Red and Black wire runs are parallel and exceed 30m, the separation of the wires shall be 150mm. Non-filtered (or non-isolated) Red and Black signal wires and power wires shall be separated by at least 0.9m. 400586-YY -- A 24 How to present Wiring topic?How to present Wiring topic?

    25. Separation Design Considerations 400586-YY -- A 25

    26. Filtering and Isolation The filtering and isolation guidance will follow MIL-HDBK-232A and therefore will be considered to accomplish the same design goal though through different physical measures. Focused on all unencrypted signals that cross from: REA to Black equipment in the LEA LEA out of the aircraft According to MIL-HDBK-232A, filtering is not necessary for the following data: Encrypted data Data processed on TEMPEST rated equipment, Data processed on equipment that is properly separated and with proper physical protection methods Filtering denotes various electric, electronic or optical devices used to reject signals or radiations of certain frequencies while allowing others to pass 400586-YY -- A 26 Indent ‘Encrypted’Indent ‘Encrypted’

    27. Filtering and Isolation Application Assumptions EW Integrated Controller Will not drive requirements for physical security outside of ML/V actions Will not be TEMPEST certified All loading operations of sensitive data will be encrypted EW Suite will be “cleared” during a normal shutdown 400586-YY -- A 27

    28. Shared Power Filtering Requirement According to MIL-STD-232A, separate power sources should exist for Red equipment and Black equipment. This requirement is mitigated in the handbook in cases of small facility size but the additional requirement of filtering is necessary for the Red equipment For this example, shared power is assumed 400586-YY -- A 28 ‘small facility size’‘small facility size’

    29. Power Filtering Requirements Power filtering requirements refer to two separate baselines within the MIL-HDBK-232A In section 5.2.6, the requirement is reference to MIL-F-15733 which states the following attenuation: 50 dB at 150 kHz 60 dB at 300 kHz through 1 GHz Section 5.5.1.5 details a more stringent set of requirements for passive filters: At least 100 dB from 14 kHz to 1 GHz Active filters may be used to meet these requirements due to the space limitations of the group-A installation 400586-YY -- A 29 IndentIndent

    30. Power Filtering Design Considerations 400586-YY -- A 30

    31. Red Equipment/Black Signal Filtering Requirements The goal of the design should be to avoid the use of an overall shielded cable containing both Red and Black lines. Filtering or isolation allows lines from Red processors that carry Black data contained in an overall shielded cable to be connected to Black equipment. Red equipment transmission of Black data to Black equipment can be divided into multiple sets of requirements: communication data that could be connected to a radio headset or headset low-speed unencrypted data high-speed unencrypted data 400586-YY -- A 31

    32. Voice/Radio Connections All signals from Red equipment that are to be connected to the radio headset need to be filtered Audio from the EW Integrated Controller will be transmitted to the intercom system and to the aircrew headsets, all wires should be shielded and filtered. Since 100 dB at 14kHz is the worst case requirement, the audio should be filtered at this specification. Active filtering will provide the best filter characteristics for maintaining as much of the audio as possible In addition, the audio signal wires shall be contained in a dedicated metallic conduit to the radio rack 400586-YY -- A 32

    33. Voice Filtering Design Considerations 400586-YY -- A 33

    34. Black Data Signals from Red Equipment Low-Speed Signals Low-speed signals (up to 2.4 kbs) may use simple relays to meet the isolation requirements of passing Black information from Red equipment to Black equipment. High-Speed Signals High-speed signals require optical isolators. These isolators are divided into two categories: fibre-optic cables space separated source/detector. Optical isolators can be used but fibre-optic cables are the preferred method of isolating signals. 400586-YY -- A 34

    35. Data Filtering Design Considerations 400586-YY -- A 35

    36. Red Equipment Signals to Red Equipment The signal wires to from Red Equipment to other Red Equipment shall be enclosed in a non-ferrous circumferential shield. 400586-YY -- A 36

    37. Completed Example 400586-YY -- A 37

    38. Questions? 400586-YY -- A 38

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