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Unit 1: Age of Exploration. Standard 7-1: The student will demonstrate an understanding of the growth and impact of global trade on world civilizations after 1600. . Europe, Africa, and Asia in the Early 1400s. The “Old World”. Trade.
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Unit 1: Age of Exploration Standard 7-1: The student will demonstrate an understanding of the growth and impact of global trade on world civilizations after 1600.
Europe, Africa, and Asia in the Early 1400s The “Old World”
Trade • Europeans wanted goods such as tea, silk, and spices from the Indies (Southeast Asia) • The Silk Road ran from Europe to the Indies and was kept safe by strong Chinese rulers.
Changes in Trade Routes • New rulers took over the Silk Road and it became unsafe for travel. They also increased taxes, making it very expensive • The Ottoman Empire rulers became the “middle men” in trade between Europeans and the Asians. Asian goods were WAY too expensive for most Europeans to buy.
Why did Europeans want to explore? • To find new trade routes to the Indies • For glory and adventure • To spread their culture (Christianity and European values)
Obstacles to Exploration • Lack of knowledge and technology • Ocean currents and wind patterns would carry ships off course. • Sailors would have to ride with the currents and winds and this limited their ability to explore far away places.
Beginning of European Exploration • Map-makers (cartographers), shipbuilders, navigators, and inventors shared information that made exploration possible. • Europeans gained access to maps and sailing information from the Chinese, Greeks, and Arabs
Search for New Trade Routes • The five major European nations involved in exploration were: Spain, Portugal, England (Great Britain), France, and the Netherlands. • Portugal and Spain were the first European nations to search for new water routes to the Indies. • Portugal sent explorers East around Africa • Spain sent explorers West across the Atlantic • England, France, and the Netherlands began exploring soon afterwards.
Trading posts along coast – Portugal (other • Europeans came later) • South Africa – Netherlands (eventually forced out by Great Britain) • India – Great Britain (forced other Europeans out) • Dutch East Indies (Spice Islands) – Netherlands • The Philippines – Spain • British Canada, 13 Colonies – Great Britain • New Netherlands (NY) – The Netherlands • New France, Louisiana, Haiti - France • New Spain, Florida, West Indies, Peru – Spain • Brazil – Portugal • Australia, New Zealand – Great Britain
Colonialism • Colonialism-a system in which powerful nations rule over the land and people of weaker nations • Colony-A land and its people that are controlled by a more powerful nation • Colonial power-a nation which has taken control of the government and economy of a weaker nation or territory (a.k.a. mother country)
Colonial Claims • Spain was more interested in the Americas than anywhere else because they were searching for spices. Their conquerors were called conquistadors. • The spice trade was not successful in the Americas, but the Spanish were able to get gold and silver from the Aztecs and the Incans. • The Spanish gained gold and silver using advanced technology. They would send the riches back to Spain.
Advances in Navigating the Seas • A lot of the political, military, and economic domination by the European nations during the 17th and 18th century (1600s and 1700s) was because of new scientific and technology advances.
Conquering New Nations • As Europeans conquered new nations, they were able to spread their ideas, beliefs, and models and dominate the world economically, culturally, and politically.
Effects of Colonialism • Political (power/government) • European countries became more powerful • Competition • People of Africa, Asia, and the Americas became weaker • Cultural (religion/ways of life) • Cultures were changed • Dominance of European language and customs • Christianity spread to colonized lands • Economic (trade/money) • Expanding international trade • Growth of capitalism • Growth of middle class • Transfer of wealth from colonies to Europe
Economic Changes in Europe • During the 1600s and 1700s, many changes took place in Europe because of colonial expansion (exploration) and global trade (trade around the world) • European nations began trading with countries all over the world as a result of conquering nations using advanced technology, the discovery of the “New World”, and a growing merchant class (the people who traded goods)
The economy became more complicated as it moved from a feudal system based on land ownership. • European nations developed the system of mercantilism. • Under mercantilism, governments tried to control and regulate trade to create what they called a favorable balance of trade (the value of exports, or what they sell would be greater than the value of their imports, or what they bought).
Mercantilism • As nations set up a balance of trade, they would then build supplies of gold and silver and make the “mother countries” richer. • Colonies were SUPER IMPORTANT!!! • They provided cheap raw materials (products like tobacco, rice, sugarcane) and other resources for European nations. They also provided a market for finished products (This means that the colonies would be forced to buy the manufactured goods from the European nation that controlled them).
European nations would also place a high tariff, or tax on goods imported from other nations, meaning that it would be more expensive to buy from another country. • Under mercantilism, the governments made the money and profited the most.
Capitalism • Capitalism is an economic system based on the private ownership of resources and production that is driven to make a profit (Meaning: People can own their own businesses and make a profit. The government doesn’t profit.) • Merchants and ship owners took risks in trade and profited under capitalism.
The merchants and businessmen formed what became known at this time as the middle class. • The middle class led to a market economy (a system in which individual buyers and sellers interact in the marketplace to exchange goods and services). • Citizens started their own businesses for the first time! • Mercantilism, international trade, the middle class, and the market economy led to capitalism, which most nations still use today!
Europeans in Asia • Europeans were interested in Asia because of trade and the beginnings of exploration (Originally, Europeans were looking for a water route to Asia to find spices). • Portugal was the first nation to find an all-water route to Asia. (Vasco da Gama led this expedition) • Asia was different than Africa and the Americas because they had many advanced, wealthy, and militarily strong civilizations. • Europeans mostly treated Asians as “equals.”
Europeans were allowed to build trading posts along the coastal areas in Asia. • Asian nations became dependent on European trade. • Asian societies had a rise in their merchant class (middle class). • Europeans didn’t colonize Asia like they did the New World, but Asians were fearful of this happening.
For centuries, Asian nations had isolated themselves from one another and from Europeans. • Isolationism-the policy of turning inward, or away from the rest of the world • Because Europeans began introducing many of their ideas, such as Christianity, nations such as Japan and China closed off trade to protect their cultures. • Many Asian nations already practiced religions such as Buddhism or Hinduism, so they were not interested in Christianity.
Europeans in the Americas • Colonization took place in the Americas, unlike Asia and Africa. • Portugal, Spain, England, France, and the Netherlands all colonized in the Americas. • In areas where Spain and Portugal discovered gold, trade became the main reason for interacting in that area. • Spain and Portugal also developed plantation systems that depended on slave labor.
Government in the Americas • The Europeans established new forms of government in the Americas. • The Spanish and Portuguese ruled colonies with their own monarchies that sent viceroys, or someone to rule in their place, to these colonies. • The French and the Dutch were not as strict and allowed the colonists to make decisions.
The English allowed a representative government system in which the colonists elected representatives to participate in decision making.
Types of Colonies in the Americas • Trading post empire-a collection of colonies used to trade items, typically along an established trade route • Settler colony-type of colony where people move from their mother countries to create permanent settlements or towns • Plantation colony-a type of colony in which large areas of land are farmed by enslaved people to grow cash crops
Plantation Colonies • Plantation colonies depended on slave labor in order to survive. • Plantation colonies were located in the Caribbean, the Amazon basin (South America), and the southern English colonies. • In the Caribbean and the Amazon basin, sugar cane was the most valuable cash crop. • In the southern English colonies, tobacco, rice, indigo, and some sugar were the cash crops.
To first solve the labor shortage, the Spanish and Portuguese enslaved Native Americans. Because they were not immune to European diseases, many Native Americans died. • The British and French relied on indentured servants for labor. • Indentured servants would work to pay off debts or the costs of traveling to the Americas. • In the British colonies, “redemptioners” would work to pay costs of travel and about 25% of the indentured slave population were criminals.
Georgia was established by indentured servants who were criminals. • After losing the American Revolution, the British began sending convicts to Australia. • Eventually, not enough people were available to be indentured servants so European nations turned to Africa for slaves.
Trading Post Colonies • The French and the Dutch colonies focused on trade. • Plantation farming and gold and silver trading were not successful in most of their colonies. • The Dutch tried to settle in South America, but most of their colonies failed. • The French traded fur with Native Americans.
Fur trading was prosperous and allowed the French to have a very good relationship with the Native Americans. • The British tried to take over the fur trade and the French and Indians fought alongside each other in the French and Indian War. • Britain won and gained most of France’s land. France lost most of their power in the Americas.
Settler Colonies • Settler colonies were the true colonial settlements. • They were created by transporting large numbers of people to live in an area. • The first permanent English settlement was Jamestown (in Virginia). • It was first set up for trade, but later became permanent.
After Jamestown began to become more successful off of tobacco, the Pilgrims came to America to set up a colony based on religious freedom (Plymouth Colony in Massachusetts). • The Spanish and Portuguese also spread Christianity (Catholicism) to their colonies.
Europeans and Native Americans • Europeans spread diseases which killed many Native Americans • European missionaries came to spread Christianity to natives • Spanish-enslaved them and forced them to work on plantations • French-lived among them, learned their language, traded with them • English-lived peacefully at first, then forced them off their land
Europeans in Africa • The slave trade began as a result of needing more labor in the colonies. • Africa already had a slave trade in place in which they traded debtors or criminals. • Europeans traded weapons, iron, cloth, and horses with African tribes for slaves. • Portugal was the first nation to trade slaves. • Tribal warfare increased as tribes began capturing other tribes.
Some tribes became very powerful because of the slave trade. • African societies lost a lot of valuable workers to the slave trade. • Families and communities were separated and the population began to decrease. • Many Africans resisted the slave trade by attacking slave traders or revolting on slave ships.
Middle Passage-the route in which slaves were carried to the Americas
