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WWI

WWI. A Local Conflict Goes Global. GPS Standards: SSWH16 The student will demonstrate an understanding of long term causes of World War I and its global impact. b. Describe the conditions on the war front for soldiers, including the Battle of Verdun.

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WWI

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  1. WWI A Local Conflict Goes Global

  2. GPS Standards: SSWH16 The student will demonstrate an understanding of long term causes of World War I and its global impact. b. Describe the conditions on the war front for soldiers, including the Battle of Verdun. c. Explain the major decisions made in the Versailles Treaty, including German reparations and the mandate system that replaced Ottoman control. d. Analyze the destabilization of Europe in the collapse of the great empires, including the Romanov and Hapsburg dynasties.

  3. Underlying Causes“MANIA” • Militarism • Alliances • Nationalism • Imperialism • Anarchy (international)

  4. Militarism & Arms Race Total Defense Expenditures for the Great Powers [Ger., A-H, It., Fr., Br., Rus.] in millions of £s.

  5. Militarism: Glorification of War & Military • Build up of large reserve armies • Mobilization - organize resources for combat (triggers other nations mobilizing) • Naval Expansion - William II (GR) fires Bismarck and expands navy • wants to be equal to G.B. (most powerful) • G.B. feels threatens, expands, develops new battleship – Dreadnought Conscription: calling up of civilians for military service. The idea was national security depended n a strong military.

  6. Alliances - Defense Agreements Among Nations • Three Emperors’ League: (1881) Germany, Russia, Austria-Hungary - doesn’t last b/c of A-H rivalry with Russia in Balkans • Triple Alliance - (1882) Germany, Italy, Austria-Hungary - attempt to isolate France • Triple Entente - (1907) France, Russia, G.B.Entente: Friendly understanding between nations

  7. Nationalism - Extreme Pride in One’s Nation or Desire to Form a Nation • French Nationalists soughtrevengeagainst Germany for loss ofAlsace-Lorraine. a border province lost to the French during the Franco-Prussian war 1870-1. • Slavic Nationalism - Pan-Slavism: Unify all Slavic people under one empire

  8. Nationalism Cont. • Slavic Nationalism • Slavic peoples in Austria-Hungary wanted their own land a southern-Slavic land or Yugoslavia. • Serbia, one of the largest Slavic nation supported them. • Worried Austria-Hungary; who feared this might spur more nationalistic feelings of Slavs in Austria-Hungary. • 1908 Austria-Hungary annexed Slavic territories • of Bosnia and Herzegovina.

  9. Page 843 in your text book.

  10. Big Brother Russia • Serbia asked Russia for help. Weakened by the Russo-Japanese war. Russia instead made an agreement with Austria-Hungary and did nothing to help Serbia. • Austria-Hungary moved before the deal was set and angered Russia. • 1st Balkan war 1912 Goal was to acquire Albania which would give Serbia the water outlet they needed. Serbia won the war but did not gain Albania. • 2nd Balkan war Albania gained their independence, frustrating Serbian ambitions once again. Russia called on again and still unable to assist. Embarrassed Russia.

  11. Imperialism- domination of one country by another • Germany and France came close to war over control of Morocco • Germany wanted to create Berlin to Baghdad Railway - caused resentment among British and Russians • British feared interference with India and reduce traffic thru Suez Canal

  12. Anarchy • International Anarchy • Nations of Europe pursue policies without regard for the wishes of their neighbors • Crisis - No international organization to monitor

  13. Immediate Causes of WWI • Assassination of Archduke Francis Ferdinandof A-H (June 28, 1914) byGavrilo Princip - member ofSerbian nationalist group“Black Hand” -or Union Of Death

  14. Why the Assassination? • Ferdinand planned to give Slavs of Bosnia-Herzegovina a voice in the gov’t equal to that of Austro-Hungarians • This threatened the movement for a separate Slavic state

  15. Archduke Franz Ferdinand & His Family

  16. The Assassination: Sarajevo

  17. The Assassin: GavriloPrincip

  18. What Happens Next? • A-H hold Serbians responsible • A-H seeks assurance (backup) from Germany in event of war • Germany issues “Blank Check” to A-H • William II gives full support to any actions A-H might take against Serbia

  19. Tensions Build!! • A-H issues ultimatum (set of final conditions that must be accepted to avoid severe consequences) to Serbia • Demands that Serbia allow A-H officials into country to suppress all subversive movements & conduct investigation • Gives Serbia 48 hours to agree or face war • Serbia does not agree to all parts A-H declares war on Serbia! (July 28, 1914)

  20. Other Countries Get Involved • Russia (friend of the Serbs) mobilizes troops along borders of Germany & A-H • Germany warns Russia to stop - they don’t! • Germany issues ultimatum to France – 18 hours to decide if it would support Russia – France said it would support Russia

  21. What a Tangled Web We Weave…

  22. Declarations of War • Germany declares war on Russia (Aug 1, 1914) • Germany declares war on France (Aug 3, 1914) • Great Britain still hoped to remain neutral and not go to war, but…

  23. Germany Invades Belgium! • Germany demands passage across Beligium to fight France (*Part of Schlieffen Plan) • British protest demand made by Germany upon neutral nation of Belgium • 1839 Treaty signed by G.B., Russia, France & Germany guaranteed Belgium’s neutrality

  24. Germany invades Beligium • G.B. demands they withdraw • Germany responds calling treaty, “a scrap of paper” • G.B. declares war on Germany (Aug 4, 1914)

  25. *The Schlieffen Plan • General Schlieffen 1905 • Germany’s invasion of Belgium was part of this plan • Germany had enemies to East & West & did not want to fight a war on both fronts at the same time • Believed Russia would be slow to mobilize and that they could fight & defeat France (W. Front) first in 6 weeks & then fight Russia on Eastern Front

  26. Schlieffen Plan • Saw the problems faced by fighting a two front war. • Thought that Russia would be slow to mobilize so the idea/plan was to make it to Paris, through Belgium in 6 weeks then go east against Russia before they could mobilize. • Problems with the Plan in WW I • Belgium more heavily fortified gave strong resistance. • Russia Mobilized quickly. • The British and French fought well • The French attacked from Alsace-Lorraine

  27. Expectations • Both sides thought the war would be a quick ordeal… • Kaiser told his soldiers, “you’ll be home before the leaves have fallen from the trees.” • They underestimated the role industrialization would play in this war. French troups marched off shouting, “We’ll be home by Christmas”

  28. A European War Key Points • Russia had to support Serbia because they did not and could not before in the Balkan wars. • Russia knew Germany would fight with Austria-Hungary but was assured that France would fight Germany alongside Russia. • July 30th 1914 Czar Nicholas II mobilized the Russian army against Austria-Hungary and Germany, Austria-Hungary did the same against Russia; France and Britain were then forced to show their hand. • July 31st 1914 Germany issued an ultimatum to Russia and France and demanded them to demobilize. • France had 18 hours to comply or be forced to fight. • The British wanted to negotiate and Germany hoped they would.

  29. Changing face of Alliances • Central powers: Germany, Austria-Hungary, Ottoman Empire (what was left) and Bulgaria. • Allied Powers: Britain, Russia, Serbia, Belgium, later Japan and Montenegro.

  30. Changes in Warfare of old • Calvary and horse drawn carriages gave way to motorized vehicles. • Larger, more powerful armored ships. • Poison Gas, Machine Gun, Tank, Submarines also first used in warfare. • The length of the war was underestimated; there were shortages and only enough ammunition for 6 months.

  31. The War Begins • Marne • September 5th • The French pushed the Germans back 50 miles from Paris, the morale was high. Battle of the Marne Map • Significance of the Battle was the abandonment of the Schlieffen Plan. • This would not be a quick or easy war. • Key Point: Russia sent troops to help France before they had totally mobilized. Russia attacked East Prussia and diverter the attack on France.

  32. Battle of the Marne To Save Paris Sept 5th

  33. The battle of the Marne as seen in a French news-magazine

  34. Tannenberg in Poland • Terrible Russian defeat, which they never fully recovered from. • Germans circled the Russian troops; 30,000 Russian troops killed 92,000 prisoners, the Germans lost 13,000 (Map)

  35. Stalemate • “The Race to the Sea” Germans and the Allies both trying to get to the North Sea to out Flank the other, by November 1914 the war reached a stalemate or deadlock. • As the war progressed there was a need for more ships, guns ammunition and food. • Mobilization of Civilians; Conscription. • Use of propaganda (portraying the enemy as beastly or inhuman) • News papers used big headlines for small or insignificant battles.

  36. The Western Front

  37. Battle of Tannenberg

  38. Stalemate “The Race to the Sea” • Germans and the Allies both trying to get to the North Sea to out Flank the other, by November 1914 the war reached a stalemate or deadlock.

  39. The War Drags Out • As the war progressed there was a need for more ships, guns ammunition and food. • Mobilization of Civilians; Conscription. • Use of propaganda (portraying the enemy as beastly or inhuman) • News papers used big headlines for small or insignificant battles.

  40. Propaganda Postcards American Propaganda Poster

  41. Go ole soldier and fulfill your duty. Christ the good Shepherd is watching over his flock. O God, your kingdom come, your will be done On earth, as it is in heaven.

  42. A Multi-Front War

  43. Trench Warfare 1915 • The Western Front (from German point of view) • War of Attrition, wearing down the enemy • Two long trenches dug 500 miles long • Half mile to a few yards between trenches.

  44. The Trenches

  45. The Trenches

  46. In the Trenches • No Mans Land lay between, with barbed wire and land mines. • Weeks spent in the trenches days of boredom mixed with terror form constant bombing. • Knee deep in muddy water led to dysentery and…

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