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Discovering Gene Expression & Protein Synthesis

Learn the process from gene to protein, unraveling DNA's role in defining traits and synthesizing proteins. Understand the central dogma, transcription, translation, and protein functions.

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Discovering Gene Expression & Protein Synthesis

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  1. Mr. Spalding, I was thinking about something over the break… We know about the shape of DNA, how it is copied and how each new cell has its own set, but that doesn’t tell us how it makes us what we are. How does that work?

  2. Gene Expression: Protein Synthesis (From a gene to a protein) Stated Clearly - What is a Gene?

  3. Review of DNA • DNA is the genetic material • DNA codes for different genes • Genes are sections of DNA that code for a specific protein which determines different traits

  4. DNA is made up of nucleotides Which contain: - a phosphate group - a sugar (deoxyribose) - a nitrogenous base

  5. Structure of DNA

  6. The Basic Steps: Central Dogma “Big Idea” The first step in decoding a genetic message from DNA is to copy it into RNA. Called Transcription.

  7. The Basic Steps: Central Dogma “Big Idea” The second step in protein synthesis, is to decode RNA into a chain of amino acids which forms a protein. Called Translation.

  8. Central Dogma DNA (transcription) RNA  (translation) Proteins

  9. Proteins • Proteins are made by joining amino acids into long chains (polypeptides)

  10. Functions of a Protein • Structural • muscle, hair, cellular framework • Chemical / Functional • antibodies, hormones, enzymes

  11. RNA • Involved in protein synthesis • Made up of nucleotides: • A phosphate group • A sugar (ribose) • Nitrogen bases • Cytosine, Guanine, Adenine, Uracil (There is no “T”) • There are three types of RNA

  12. mRNA • Messenger RNA (mRNA)– Copy of DNA containing instructionsfor assembling proteins. Created in the nucleus.

  13. rRNA • Ribosomes are made of rRNA. Attaches individual amino acids together.

  14. tRNA • tRNA - brings amino acids to the ribosome.

  15. Transcription • Flow of info: DNA  mRNA • Location: Nucleus • mRNA is produced by copying a section/gene of the DNA (RNA Polymerase) • Where does the mRNA go? Cytoplasm/Ribosomes

  16. End of Transcription

  17. Translation • Flow of info: mRNA  Proteins • Location: Cytoplasm/Ribosomes • Decoding mRNA into a chain of amino acids (protein)

  18. Translation • A ribosome (rRNA) attaches to the mRNA • The mRNA code is read 3 letters/bases at a time (codon) • The start codon (AUG) tells the rRNA to begin adding amino acids.

  19. The tRNA (with amino acid) that pairs with the codon will come to the ribosome and bind to the mRNA. • The ribosome adds new tRNA molecules and amino acids as it moves along the mRNA.

  20. As each new tRNA enters the ribosome, one leaves. • Before tRNA can leave the ribosome, the amino acids will bond together to make a polypeptide (protein) chain

  21. The process continues until the ribosome reaches a stop codon.

  22. Full Process Animation (Transcription & Translation)

  23. Amoeba Sisters - Protein Synthesis Gene Expression / Protein Synthesis Transcribe and translate this DNA sequence into mRNA and then into the correct amino acid chain. DNA: A G T C C G T A A C T G A C T mRNA: A A:

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