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Seminar on EU regulatory system EU GHS - CLP Regulation How does it work?. Agnes Botos GHS & REACH & ADR consultant in Hungary MSc of Chemical engineering & Environmental law www.GHSexpert.com 18 July 2012, Jingzhou, China. 欧盟法规系统专题研讨会 EU GHS - CLP 法规 如何运作 ?. 波托斯 · 阿哥尼斯
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Seminar on EU regulatory system EU GHS - CLP RegulationHow does it work? Agnes Botos GHS & REACH & ADR consultant in Hungary MSc of Chemical engineering & Environmental law www.GHSexpert.com 18 July 2012, Jingzhou, China
欧盟法规系统专题研讨会EU GHS - CLP 法规如何运作? 波托斯·阿哥尼斯 匈牙利GHS & REACH & ADR 咨询师 化学工程和环境法硕士 中国 荆州 2012年7月18日 www.GHSexpert.com
UN GHS history 1992 - UN Conference on the Environment and Development „A globally harmonized hazard classification and compatible labellingsystem, including material safety data sheets and easily understandable symbols, should be available for chemicals, if feasible, by the year 2000.” 2003 - United Nations prepared „Globally Harmonized System of Classification and Labelling of Chemicals” called UN GHS www.GHSexpert.com
联合国(UN)GHS 历史 1992 – 联合国环境发展大会 “如果可行,应该在2000年建立起一个针对化学制品的全球性的调和风险分类和兼容的标签系统。这一系统应包括材料安全数据表和容易理解的符号。” . 2003 –联合国制定了“全球性的调和风险分类和兼容的标签系统”,即UN GHS(Globally Harmonized System ),全球调和制度。 www.GHSexpert.com
UN GHS implementation globally • Since 2003 UN GHS provides: • • Harmonized criteria for classification of substances and mixtures • – according to their physical, health and environmental hazards • • Harmonized hazard communication elements • – including requirements for labels and safety data sheets • Implementation of UN GHS worldwide has started • http://www.unece.org/trans/danger/publi/ghs/implementation_e.html • Differences country by country: • 1. UN GHS is revised every 2nd year: • 2005 GHS, Rev 1, 2007 GHS, Rev 2 • 2009 GHS, Rev 3, 2011 GHS, Rev 4 • 2. „Building blocks approach” www.GHSexpert.com
UN GHS 在全球的实施 • 自2003年以来,UN GHS 提供了: • • 物质和混合物的分类调和标准 • – 根据其带来的物理、健康和环境危险 • • 调和危险通识要素 • – 包含对标签和安全数据表的要求 • UN GHS 已经开始在全球进行实施 • http://www.unece.org/trans/danger/publi/ghs/implementation_e.html • 根据不同国家有所差异: • 1. UN GHS 每两年修订一次: • 2005 GHS, Rev 1, 2007 GHS, Rev 2 • 2009 GHS, Rev 3, 2011 GHS, Rev 4 • 2. “’建楼式’”的渐进方法” www.GHSexpert.com
China GHS • China: • Publication of the following standards implementing the GHS : • GB 190-2009 (packaging): implements the 15th revised edition of the UN recommendations on the Transport of Dangerous Goods • GB T 16483–2008: Safety Data Sheet for chemical products content and order of sections (applicable as from 1 February 2009) • GB 13690–2009: General rules for preparation of precautionary labels for chemicals (applicable as from 1 May 2010) • GB 15258–2009 General rule for classification and hazard communication of chemicals (applicable as from 1 May 2010). www.GHSexpert.com
GHS在中国的现状 • 中国: • 以下标准的发布是对GHS的实施: • GB 190-2009 (包装):实施了关于危险货物运输的联合国建议第15版 • GB T 16483–2008: 化学产品内容安全数据表(从2009年2月1日起实施) • GB 13690–2009: 关于配制化学制品警示标签的一般规则(从2010年5月1日起实施) • GB 15258–2009 化学制品的分类和危险通识的一般规则(自2010年5月1日起实施) www.GHSexpert.com
USA GHS • USA: • USA implemented the criteriums of UN GHS Rev 3 into a U.S. legislation called Revised HCS (Hazard Communication Standard) • HCS: OSHA 29 CFR Parts 1910, 1915, 1917, 1918 and 1926 • Effective: 25 May 2012 • Mandatory: 1 June 2015 for substances and mixtures called chemicals • Full text available: http://www.osha.gov/dsg/hazcom/ghs.html • EU GHS (CLP)(UN GHS Rev 3) U.S. GHS (UN GHS Rev 3) • UK English GHS label may different from U.S. English GHS label • (Precautionary statements, classification differencies specially at mixtures, no U.S. harmonized list) www.GHSexpert.com
GHS在美国的现状 • USA: • 美国将UN GHS Rev 3的标准植入本国立法,并称其为 • 修订版HCS (Hazard Communication Standard危险通识标准) • HCS: OSHA 29 CFR 部分1910, 1915, 1917, 1918 和1926 • 有效期始于: 2012年5月25日 • 强制实施将始于: 从2015年6月1日起对所有称作化学制品的物质和混合物生效 • 全文见: http://www.osha.gov/dsg/hazcom/ghs.html • EU GHS (CLP) U.S. GHS • 英国英语GHS 标签可能有别于美国英语GHS 标签 • (特别是关于混合物的警示声明,分类的差别,不存在美国调和列表) www.GHSexpert.com
EU GHS = CLP Regulation • EU implemented the criteriums of UN GHS Rev 2 into a EU regulation called CLP • CLP: Regulation (EC) No 1272/2008 on the Classification, Labelling and Packaging of substances and mixtures • Entry into force: 20 Jan 2009 • Mandatory: 1 Dec 2010 for substances and • 1 June 2015 for mixtures • EU implemented the criteriums of UN GHS Rev 3 into a EU regulation called CLP Rev 1 • CLP Rev 1: Regulation (EU) No 286/2011 on the Classification, Labelling and Packaging of substances and mixtures • Entry into force: 19 Apr 2011 • Mandatory: 1 Dec 2012 for substances and • 1 June 2015 for mixtures • Full text available:http://echa.europa.eu/regulations/clp/legislation www.GHSexpert.com
EU GHS = CLP 条规 • EU将UN GHS Rev 2 的标准植入EU法规并称其为 CLP(分类, 标示和包装) • CLP: 法规(EC) No 1272/2008关于物质和混合物的分类、标示和包装法规 • 实施始于: 2009年1月20日 • 强制实施始于: 对于物质:2010年12月1日1 • 对于混合物:2015年6月1日 • EU将UN GHS Rev 3 的标准植入EU法规并称其为 CLP Rev 1 • CLP Rev 1: 法规(EU) No 286/2011关于物质和混合物的分类、标示和包装法规 • 实施始于: 2011年4月19日 • 强制实施始于: 对于物质:2012年12月1日 • 对于混合物:2015年6月1日 • 全文见:http://echa.europa.eu/regulations/clp/legislation www.GHSexpert.com
Basic legal information • Regulation (CLP) • the strongest legislation of EU • member states need to apply it word by word • Translated at issue to 23 EU languages • Directive (DSD, DPD) • member states implement the content of it into their legislation • member states legislation can be stricter from directive • Substance • chemical elements and its compounds • CAS# ( global) • EU # = EC# = EINECS# / ELINCS# (EU) • Mixture = preparation • Compositon of 2 or more substances • Chemical • substance or mixture (USA use this term, EU not) www.GHSexpert.com
基本法律信息 • 法规(CLP) • 欧盟最强有力的法案 • 成员国必须按照其规定逐字逐句的实施 • 翻译成23种欧盟内部使用的语言并发布 • 指令(DSD, DPD) • 成员国将其内容植入其国内立法 • 成员国的立法可比指令更加严厉 • 物质 • 化学元素及其化合物 • CAS# ( 全球性) • EU # = EC(欧共体)# = EINECS(欧洲现有商用化学物质名录)# / ELINCS(欧洲已通报化学物质名录)# (EU) • 混合物= 配制 • 由两种或以上物质组成 • 化学制品 • 物质或混合物(美国使用这一术语, 欧盟不使用) www.GHSexpert.com
Transition of old & new legislations in EU • Transitional period for the implementation of the new GHS system: • Old EU directive for substances: • DSD: Dangerous Substance Directive 67/548/EEC • Old EU directive for mixtures: • DPD: Dangerous Preparation Directive 1999/45/EC • New EU regulation for substances and mixtures: • CLP & CLP ver 1 (EU GHS) www.GHSexpert.com
欧盟新旧立法的过渡 • 新GHS系统实施的过渡期: • 旧EU指令(物质): • DSD: 危险物质指令67/548/EEC • 旧EU 指令(混合物): • DPD: 危险配制指令1999/45/EC • 新EU 法案(物质和混合物): • CLP & CLP 版本1 (EU GHS) www.GHSexpert.com
Old & new legislations in EU • Old EU directive for substances: • DSD: Dangerous Substance Directive 67/548/EEC • Old EU directive for mixtures: • DPD: Dangerous Preparation Directive 1999/45/EC • R & S phrases • Orange pictograms • ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ • New EU regulation for substances (2010) and mixtures (2015): • CLP & CLP ver 1 ( EU GHS) • H & P statements • Red frame rombus pictograms www.GHSexpert.com
EU新&旧法案 • 旧EU指令(物质): • DSD:危险物质指令67/548/EEC • 旧 EU 指令(混合物): • DPD:危险配制指令1999/45/EC • R & S标准词 • 橙色图标 • ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ • 新 EU 法案物质(2010) 和混合物(2015): • CLP & CLP 版本1 ( EU GHS) • H & P 声明 • 红框菱形图标 www.GHSexpert.com
CLP exemptions • CLP exemptions (Article 1): • Radioactive chemicals • Chemicals subject to customs supervision • Chemicals in transit • Non-isolated intermediates • Research & development chemicals • Waste • Medicinal products, Veterinary medicinal products • Cosmetic products • Medical devices • Food or feeding stuffs • Not exempted: Active pharmaceutical ingredients, plant production products, biocide products www.GHSexpert.com
CLP 豁免特例 • CLP豁免特例(第一条): • 放射性化学制品 • 海关监管的化学制品 • 在运输途中的化学制品 • 不可被隔离的中间体 • 进行研发的化学制品 • 废弃物 • 药用品, 兽医医药用品 • 化妆品 • 医疗设备 • 食品和饲料 • 不被豁免: 原料药、植物栽培产品、杀虫产品 www.GHSexpert.com
Suppliers • Manufacturer • Manufacture a substance (not manufature a mixture) • Importer • Bring into EU from a non-EU country a substance or mixture or an article • Import is „placing on the market” • Downstream user • uses the substance, either on its own or in a mixture, in the course of his industrial or professional activites. There is exposition to the chemical • A distributor or a consumer is not a downstream user • Distributor • Stores and places on the market a substance, on its own or in a mixture, for third parites (retailer) • No exposition with the chemical maximum changing of label or outside packaging • Only representative • Non-EU manufacturer of a substance, mixture or article can appoint an EU company to represent him in case of REACH regulation www.GHSexpert.com
供应商 • 生产厂家 • 生产物质(而不是混合物) • 进口商 • 从欧盟以外的国家引入欧盟某种物质或混合物或物品 • 进口即“投放市场” • 下游用户 • 在其从事的专业性或工业性活动中,使用这一物质本身,或配制品中的物质。对化学制品有相关说明。 • 经销商或消费者不属于下游用户。 • 经销商 • 为第三方(零售商)储存或将物质本身,或配制品中的物质投放市场 • 对于化学制品的标签的最大改变和外包装均无说明 • 唯一代表 • 非欧盟内部的某物质、混合物或物品的制造商可以指定一家欧盟公司来担任其在化学制品立法方面的代表。 www.GHSexpert.com
Aim of CLP regulation • Aim of CLP regulation (Classification, Labeling, Packaging) • C- Classification • Decision if the substance or mixture is hazardous or non-hazardous based on CLP ( EU GHS) harmonized hazard criteriums • Hazard classification done on the basis of intrinsic properties of chemicals • Required for both hazardous and non-hazardous chemicals • L -Labelling • Harmonized labeling of hazardous substances and mixtures • Required just for hazardous chemicals • P- Packaging • Harmonized packaging of hazardous substances and mixtures • Required just for hazardous chemicals www.GHSexpert.com
CLP 法规的目的 • CLP (分类、标志、包装) 法规的目的 • C- 分类物质和混合物的分类 • 根据CLP(EU GHS)调和危险标准决定物质或混合物是否危险 • 根据化学制品的内在属性进行危险分类 • 对危险和不危险的化学制品均作要求 • L -Labelling 标示 • 危险物质和混合物的调和标示 • 仅对危险化学制品作要求 • P- Packaging 包装 • 危险物质和混合物的调和包装 • 仅对危险化学制品作要求 www.GHSexpert.com
CLASSIFICATION: WHO? WHAT? Who need to classify? EU manufacturer EU importer EU downstream users (downstream users should take over the classification from the importer or manufacturer through Safety Data Sheets (SDS)) What shall we classify and at which quantity in EU? Substances and mixtures placed on the market in EU (0 t/y) Substances not placed on the market, but are subject to REACH registration or REACH notification (over 1 t/y) (on-site isolated intermedier ) Explosive articles placed on the market inEU(0 t/y ) MESSAGE: NON-EU COMPANIES NEED TO GIVE DATA TO EU CUSTOMERS www.GHSexpert.com
分类: 谁来分类? 对什么进行分类? 谁需要来进行分类? EU 制造商 EU 进口商 EU 下游用户(下游用户应通过安全数据表(SDS)从进口商或者制造商手中接手进行分类) 在欧盟,怎样进行分类?对其数量是怎么样规定的? 投放在欧盟市场上的物质和混合物(0 t/y) 未投放于市场,但受限于REACH 法规或REACH 通告(超过1 t/y) (现场的不可被隔离的中间体) 投放欧盟市场的爆炸性物品(0 t/y ) 补充信息: 非欧盟公司需向欧盟客户提供数据 www.GHSexpert.com
CLP ( EU GHS) HAZARDS • What is the deadline of the new CLP ( EU GHS) classification? • For substances: 1 Dec 2010 • For mixtures: 1 June 2015 • How can I see if the new CLP (EU GHS) classification is completed? • The label will contain H statements (GHS pictogram, Signal word) • Safety Data Sheet point 2 & 3 will contain the new H statements (the old R phrases as well until 2015) www.GHSexpert.com
CLP ( EU GHS) 危害 • 新CLP ( EU GHS) 分类的截止日期是? • 物质: 2010年12月1日 • 混合物: 2015年6月1日 • 怎样判别新CLP ( EU GHS) 分类是否完成? • 标签将包含H声明(GHS 图标, 信号词) • 安全数据表的2 & 3 点将包含新的危险说明(在2015年之前也将同时包含旧的警示性标准词) www.GHSexpert.com
Classification rule • Classification = decision if the chemical is hazardous or non- hazardous • CLP contains 28 hazard class (1-4 hazard category / class) • Criteriums of each class should be checked • If our substance or mixture is in compliance with the criterium, it will get a hazard statement (H statement with H #) • Each Hazard statement ( H#) automatically get: • Precautionary statement (P statement with P#) • Signal word ( Hazard or Danger) or not • GHS pictogram • The H statement indicates if the chemical is hazarodus, since there are some categories where no pictogram. www.GHSexpert.com
分类规则 • 分类= 决定此化学制品是否有危害 • CLP 包含28 个危险等级(1-4 危险类别/ 级别) • 应该对每个级别的标准都进行核对 • 如果物质或混合物符合标准,即可获得危险说明(带有H #的H说明) • 每份危险说明( H#) 自动获得: • 防范说明(含P#的P说明) • 信号词( 危害或危险) 或者不存在危害或危险 • GHS 图标 • H说明意味着此化学制品是否具有危害性,有些类别不使用图标。. www.GHSexpert.com
Label elements for flammable liquids www.GHSexpert.com
可燃性液体的标签要素 www.GHSexpert.com
Physical hazards • Explosives (Unstable explosives, Divisions 1.1, 1.2, 1.3, 1.4, 1.5, and 1,6) • Flammable gases (Category 1 and 2) • Flammable aerosols (Category 1 and 2) • Oxidising gases (Category 1) • Gases under pressure (Compressed gas, liquefied gas, refrigerated liquefied gas, • dissolved gas) • 6. Flammable Liquids (Category 1, 2 and 3) • Flammable solids (Category 1 and 2) • Self-reactive substances and mixtures (Type A, B, C, D, E, F, & G) (Types A and B) • 9. Pyrophoric liquids (Category 1) • 10. Pyrophoric solids (Category 1) • 11. Self-heating substances and mixtures (Category 1 and 2) • 12. Substances and mixtures which in contact with water emit flammable gases (Category 1,2 and 3) • 13. Oxidising liquids (Category 1, 2 and 3) (Cat 1 and 2) • 14. Oxidising solids (Category 1, 2 and 3) (Cat 1 and 2) • 15. Organic peroxides, (Type A, B, C, D, E, F & G) (Types A to F) • 16. Corrosive to metals (Category 1) www.GHSexpert.com
物理性危害 • 炸药 (不稳定炸药、 第1.1、 1.2、 1.3、 1.4、 1.5 和 1.6条) • 可燃气体 (第 1 和第 2 类) • 易燃气溶胶(第 1 和第 2 类) • 氧化气体(第1类) • 受压气体(压缩气体、 液化气、 冷冻液化气、 溶解气体) • 6. 易燃液体 (第 1、2 和 3 类) • 易燃固体(第 1 和第 2 类) • 自反应物质和混合物( A, B, C, D, E, F, & G型) (A 和 B型) • 9. 发火性液体(第 1 类) • 10.发火性固体 (第1类) • 11.自动加热物质和混合物 (第 1 和第 2 类) • 12.遇水放出易燃气体的物质和混合物 (第 1、2 和 3 类) • 13. 氧化液体(第 1、2 和 3 类) (第 1 和第 2 类) • 14. 氧化固体(第 1、2 和 3 类) (第 1 和第 2 类) • 15.有机过氧化物, A, B, C, D, E, F & G型) (A型至F型) • 16.金属腐蚀物(第1类) www.GHSexpert.com
HEALTH & ENVIRONMENTAL HAZARDS HEALTH HAZARDS 17. Acute toxicity, (Category 1, 2, 3 and 4) 18. Skin corrosion/irritation, (Category 1A, 1B, 1C and 2) 19. Serious eye damage/eye irritation, (Category 1 and 2) 20. Respiratory or skin sensitisation (Category 1) 21. Germ cell mutagenicity, (Category 1A, 1B and 2) 22. Carcinogenicity, (Category 1A, 1B and 2) 23. Reproductive toxicity (Category 1A, 1B and 2) plus additional category for effects on or via lactation 24. Specific target organ toxicity (STOT) – single exposure ((Category 1, 2) and Category 3 for narcotic effects and respiratory tract irritation, only) 25. Specific target organ toxicity (STOT) – repeated exposure (Category 1 and 2) 26. Aspiration hazard (Category 1) ENVIRONMENTAL HAZARDS 27. Hazardous to the aquatic environment (Acute Category 1, Chronic Category 1, 2, 3, & 4) 28. Hazardous to the ozone layer www.GHSexpert.com
健康 & 环境危害 健康危害 17. 急性毒性, (第 1 、2、3&4 类) 18. 皮肤腐蚀/刺激, (第1A, 1B, 1C 和2类) 19. 严重眼部危害/眼部刺激, (第 1 和第 2 类) 20. 呼吸或皮肤敏化作用(第 1 类) 21生殖细胞突变性, (第1A, 1B 和2类) 22. 致癌性, (第 1A, 1B 和 2类) 23. 生殖毒性(第 1A, 1B 和 2类) 加上对哺乳产生影响或通过哺乳产生影响的额外类别 24. 特异性靶器官毒性(STOT) – 单次接触((第 1 和第 2 类) 和第3类 仅适用于麻醉效果和呼吸道刺激) 25. 特异性靶器官毒性(STOT) – 反复接触(第 1 和第 2 类) 26. 吸入性危害物质(第1类) 环境危害 27. 对水生环境有害(急性类别1, 慢性类别1, 2, 3, & 4) 28. 对臭氧层有害 www.GHSexpert.com
CLASSIFICATION: DATA NEEDS • PHYSICAL HAZARDS • The classification of physical hazards based on hazardous goods transportation classification (UN#) • It is obligatory to do tests in EU, except if you have reliable data • Test method: UN Manual of Tests and Criteria http://www.unece.org/trans/danger/publi/manual/manual_e.html(Transport classification) • Solid, liquid and gas states count at the classification • HEALTH & ENVIRONMENTAL HAZARDS • It is not obligatory to do tests for classification according to CLP guidance, however REACH registration requires tests over 1t/y • Read –across is recommended • Expert knowledge is required at some classes www.GHSexpert.com
分类: 数据需求 • 物理性危害 • 物理性危害的分类基于危害物质运输分类(UN#) • 除非具有可靠的数据,不然必须在欧盟进行试验 • 试验方法: 联合国试验和标准手册http://www.unece.org/trans/danger/publi/manual/manual_e.html(运输分类) • 根据分类确定固体、液体和气体状态 • 健康& 环境危害 • 不要求按照CLP指导进行分类试验,但是REACH注册要求超过1t/y 的要进行试验 • 建议交叉参照 • 有一些类别要求专家知识 www.GHSexpert.com
Harmonised classification CLP Annex VI • CLP Annex VI. Table 3.1 contains about 4136 harmonised CLP substances http://esis.jrc.ec.europa.eu/index.php?PGM=cla • Manufacturers and importers should apply this classification, but may classify in a more severe hazard category if they have reliable data of it. • EU member state authority or the industry can recommend substances to the harmonized list • If a subsance is not on the harmonised list, than self-classification needed according to CLP Annex I www.GHSexpert.com
调和分类CLP 附录 VI • CLP 附录VI. 表3.1 包含大约4136种调和CLP 物质http://esis.jrc.ec.europa.eu/index.php?PGM=cla • 制造商和进口商应使用这一分类, 但是如果有可靠数据的话,可以使用更加严格的危害分类 • EU成员国当局或行业可向调和列表推荐并添加新的物质 • 如果某物质不在调和列表之上, 则根据CLP 附录 I ,需进行自主分类 www.GHSexpert.com
Self – classification CLP Annex I • Criteria for flammable liquids class • 1 category: Flash point < 23 oC and initial boiling point ≤ 35 oC • 2 category: Flash point < 23 oC and initial boiling point > 35 oC • 3 category: Flash point ≥ 23 oC and ≤ 60 oC(1) • Note For the purpose of this Regulation gas oils, diesel and light heating oils having a flash point between ≥ 55 oC and≤ 75 oC may be regarded as Category 3. Aerosols shall not be classified as flammable liquids. • KEY ELEMENT AT THIS CLASS: flash point and boiling point • Evaluate information against the classification criteria www.GHSexpert.com
自主分类CLP 附录 I • 可燃性液体等级标准 • 1 类别: 闪点< 23 oC和初沸点≤ 35 oC • 2 类别: 闪点< 23 oC 和初沸点> 35 oC • 3 类别: 闪点≥ 23 oC和 ≤ 60 oC(1) • 备注根据这一法规的目的,闪点≥ 55 oC和≤ 75 oC的汽油、柴油和加热轻油可被视为类别3.气溶胶不被视为可燃性液体. • 这一等级的关键要素: 闪点和沸点 • 分类标准的评估信息 www.GHSexpert.com
CLP guidance decision logic: www.GHSexpert.com
CLP 指南决策逻辑: www.GHSexpert.com
Label elements for flammable liquids www.GHSexpert.com
可燃性液体的标识要素 www.GHSexpert.com
Translation from old classifaciton CLP Annex VII. Translation table from old legislation (DSD) based on R phrases Classification based on hazardous goods transportation UN numbers (physical hazards) Translation is not 100% in compliance with CLP requirements, since each classes should be evaluted. www.GHSexpert.com
从旧分类而来的转换 CLP 附录VII.根据警示性质标准词,从旧立法 (DSD) 而来的转换表 分类根据联合国危险货物编号(物理性危害) 转换并不是100% 的符合CLP的要求,因为每个等级都应进行评估。 www.GHSexpert.com
Substance classification in EU Agree with a notification. Not 100% compliance Harmonized classification or SIEF classified it? Yes Accept classification No No No No Self-classification Annex I. R # available? (DSD) UN# available? Self-classification Annex I. Yes Yes Self-classification Annex I., but using translation from old classification Self-classification Annex I., but using haz good transportation classification fo physical hazard www.GHSexpert.com
欧盟内部的物质分类 符合通报. 并非100%符合 调和分类或自主分类? 是 接受分类 否 否 否 否 自主分类附录 I. 是否有R #? (DSD) 是否有UN#? 自主分类附录 I. 是 是 自主分类附录 I., 但是使用从旧分类的转换 自主分类附录 I., 但是使用针对物理性危害的危险物品 运输分类 www.GHSexpert.com