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Chapter 7: The Romans

Chapter 7: The Romans. The Rise of Rome. Geography of Italy. Peninsula similar to Greece 750 miles long Apennine Mountains divide Italy between east and west Large fertile plains for farming 2 major ones 1. Po River Valley in North 2. Latium where Rome is located Apennine Mountains

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Chapter 7: The Romans

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  1. Chapter 7: The Romans The Rise of Rome

  2. Geography of Italy • Peninsula similar to Greece • 750 miles long • Apennine Mountains divide Italy between east and west • Large fertile plains for farming • 2 major ones • 1. Po River Valley in North • 2. Latium where Rome is located • Apennine Mountains • Easy to navigate, therefore communities were not divided due to it • Rome • Located inland but had the Tiber River to connect it to the sea for trading • Its location on Tiber River allowed for large amounts of foot traffic too

  3. People of Italy • 1500-1000BC • Indo-European people moved into the area • Little known about them except they lived in Latium and spoke Latin • These “Latins” were herders and farmers living in the hills of Rome • 750-550BC • Greeks began to colonize in the south • Moved up coast and also occupied Sicily • What did Greeks pass on? Alphabet, art, culture, farming, literature • 650BC • Etruscans developed Rome beyond a small town • What did Etruscans pass on? The toga and structure of army

  4. The Roman Republic • Rome (753-509BC) • Under the control of 7 kings • Some kings were Etruscans • 509BC • Revolt from the Etruscans • Established the Roman Republic • Differences • Leader was not part of monarchy • Certain people had the right to vote

  5. The Roman republic • Conquests of Rome • 338BC • Defeated the Latin states • 300BC • Defeated the people of the Apennine Mountains • 264BC • Defeated the Greeks in Southern Italy • Roman Confederation • Needed to rule all of Italy • Certain groups allowed to be Roman citizens • Were allowed to run own affairs but required to give soldiers to Rome • If Rome did well, these communities did too

  6. The Roman Republic • How was Rome able to be so successful? • 1. Good Diplomacy • Gave incentives like citizenship to certain groups • Had ability to be firm and down right cruel when needed • Showing force earned them respect • 2. Strength of Military • Persistent • Defeats never led them to quit • They simply rebuilt stronger ones • Creation of fortified towns allowed fro quicker movement through Republic • 3. Law and Politics • Practical. Did not look for perfect empire but rather one that responded to problems

  7. The Roman republic • The Political Structure • Divided into 2 groups • 1. Patricians • Wealthy land owners • Became the ruling class • 2. Plebeians • Less wealth landowners • Craftsmen, small farmers, and merchants • Men from both groups had to pay taxes, serve in military, and could vote • Only men from Patricians could be elected to government offices

  8. The Roman republic • The Government of Rome • The top officials were • 1. The consuls • 2 were elected every year and ran the government • Responsible for leading army into battle • 2. The Praetors • In charge of civil law • Responsible for hearing court cases

  9. The Roman republic The Roman Senate • Group of 300 Patricians • Responsible for advising government officials • Later responsible for creation of laws • The Roman Republic • Responsible for electing the chief officials • Sub-group of the Senate • Wealthiest citizens had majority

  10. The Roman republic • Struggle of the Orders • Patricians vs. Plebeians • Forbidden to marry into opposite group • Led to creation of the council of plebs (471BC) • Council of Plebs • Tribunes given power to protect plebs • In 300’s BC, groups were allowed to marry into each other • 287BC: Plebs allowed to pass laws for all of Rome

  11. The Roman republic • Roman Law • 450BC: The 12 Tables • First code of Roman Law • Product of a simple farming society • Law of Nations • Universal law based on reason • Innocent until proven guilty • Accused can present case before a judge • Judge expected to make a ruling based on evidence

  12. Roman expansion • Romans vs. Carthage • Carthage • Founded by the Phoenicians in 800BC • Massive Trading empire included: • Spain, Northern Africa, Sardinia, Corsica, and Sicily • Sicily being so close to Italy made Rome nervous • Beginning in 264BC, war began between the 2 states

  13. Roman Expansion • 1st Punic War • 264-241BC • Romans send army to Sicily • Romans had superior land army but a weak navy • Eventually built up a navy • Defeated the Carthaginians in 241BC • Carthage gave up rights to Sicily • Also had to pay Rome

  14. Roman Expansion • 2nd Punic War (218-201BC) • Hannibal: The Great General of Carthage • Vowed revenge after the 1st Punic War • Wanted to invade Rome • 46,000 troops, horses, and 37 battle elephants • Trek across the Alps killed most elephants • 216BC, Romans met him at Cannae • Killed 40,000 Roman soldiers • Caused a revolt of cities in southern Italy

  15. Roman Expansion • 2nd Punic War • Roman Reaction • Slowly built army back up • Could not handle Hannibal’s army in Italy • Decide to attack Carthage instead • First they removed all Carthaginians from Spain • By attacking Carthage, they forced Hannibal to leave Italy and return

  16. Roman Expansion • 2nd Punic War’ • Battle of Zama (202BC) • Roman general Scipio Africanus • Carthaginian General Hannibal • Rome crushes Carthage • What did Rome get? • Spain became a Roman province • Rome became the super power of the Mediterranean • What happened to Hannibal? • Fled Carthage • Was eventually chased down to Bithynia which is near Black Sea • Poisoned himself to avoid being captured

  17. Roman Expansion • 3rd Punic War (150-146BC) • Destruction of Carthage • Roman Emperor Cato demanded it • 10 day stretch in 146 of burning and demolishing the city of Carthage • 50,000 Carthaginians became slaves • Carthage becomes a Roman Province • 4th Macedonian War (148BC) • Rome conquers Macedonia • 146BC: Rome conquers Greece • 129BC: Rome makes Pergamum 1st province in Asia

  18. Chapter 7: The Romans From Republic to Empire

  19. Decline of Roman Republic • The Roman Senate • Over time, they became the real rulers of Rome • Allowed themselves to be senators for life • They were the wealthy landowners • Responsible for: • Leading wars • Foreign Policy • Domestic Policy • Financial Affairs of Rome

  20. Decline of Roman Republic • Senators controlled by the aristocracy • Aristocracy slowly built up large estates from small landowners who could not longer afford their lands • Slave labor becomes popular and the small farmers move to the cities • Tiberius and Gaius Gracchus • Roman Senators that fought for small farmers • Allowed council of plebs to pass land reform laws • Gave small farmers land from aristocracy • Both eventually killed by the aristocracy for these laws

  21. Decline of Roman Republic • Role of the Army • Marius (107BC) • Roman general that recruited the poor for an army • New armies pledged allegiance to a general and not to Rome • Soldiers given land and resources by general • Generals now got involved in politics and forced laws to be passed • Whoever controlled the army, controlled Rome in some cases • Lucius Sulla (82BC) • Roman general that took control of the Republic by winning civil war over Marius • Put control of the State back in hands of the Senate • Eliminated most power from the populous

  22. End of the Republic • Downfall of Rome stemmed from civil wars and competition for power • Creation of the Triumvirate (Rule by 3)(60BC) • 1. Crassus (Richest man in Rome) • 2. Pompey (General of army in Spain) • 3. Julius Caesar (Commander in Spain) • Held all political and military power

  23. End of the Republic • Caesar • Gained more power with death of Crassus in 53BC • Was powerful and famous during battles in Gaul (France) • Willing to face danger to earn respect • Was told to lay down command by Senate for fear of overthrowing government • Battled army of Pompey and defeated him in 47BC • Became first dictator of Rome (absolute Power)

  24. End of Republic • Caesar as Dictator • Gave land to the poor • Senate went up to 900 people filled with his supporters • Granted citizenship to provinces who helped him • Introduced the Egyptian calendar to Rome • Wanted to expand Rome east • 44BC: assassinated by Senators trying to bring back old Republic • Led to another civil war

  25. End of the Republic • Second Triumvirate • Followers of Julius Caesar • 1. Octavian (heir of Caesar) • 2. Antony (assistant to Caesar) • 3. Lepidus (Commander in army) • 31BC: Battle of Actium • Octavian’s army vs. Antony/Cleopatra’s navy • Octavian defeats Antony(Antony and Cleopatra commit suicide) • Octavian created peace in Rome • 31BC-14AD: Foundation of the Empire

  26. Beginning of the Roman Empire • 27BC • Octavian “restores the Republic” • Gives Senate limited power • Becomes first Emperor • Claims title of Caesar Augustus (“The revered one”) • Gave him the title of Commander in Chief

  27. Beginning of the Roman empire • Reign of Caesar Augustus (27BC-14AD) • Caesar’s Army • 28 legions • 151,000 troops • Only Roman citizens could be part of a legion • Auxiliary Army • 130,000 troops • Subject of Rome but not citizens • Praetorian Guard • Caesar’s personal army • 9,000 soldiers

  28. Beginning of the roman empire:difference between Republic and empire • Roman Republic • Senate assigned governors of provinces before Caesar • After Caesar, the senate was only allowed to appoint governors of certain provinces • Caesar’s Rome • Caesar assigned deputies to certain provinces • Caesar could overrule any governor put into order by the Senate

  29. Beginning of the roman empire • Conquests of Caesar Augustus • Conquered the nations along the Alps • Conquered the Balkan Peninsula • Attempted conquest of Germany failed • Lost 15,000 troops in the process • Augustus’ Beliefs on Religion • Lost during the civil wars • Worked to rebuild the temples to the Roman gods • Also wanted a cult dedicated to the emperor • He himself was named a god by the Senate

  30. Chapter 7: The romans The Early Roman Empire

  31. Early Emperors of Rome • Caesar Augustus set precedent by allowing the emperor to choose his successor • The Augustus Family (Tiberius, Caligula, Claudius, and Nero) • Began a series of corrupt emperors • They slowly took more power away from the Senate • Nero had people killed that he found a threat • This included his mother • His actions caused him to gain many enemies • Eventually the Legions revolted against him • Nero commits suicide, which leads to civil war in 69AD

  32. Emperors of the early empire • The 5 Good Emperors • Nerva, Trajan, Hadrian, Antonimius Pius, Marcus Aurelius • The PaxRomana • Period of peace lasting 200 years • How did emperors maintain peace? • Ended executions • Respected the ruling class • Created better domestic laws • Emperors took more power from the Senate but put in place public service programs • Trajan created a program to help poor parents • Created more buildings and public attractions

  33. Expanding the empire • How far did Rome expand? • Trajan expanded to Romania, Mesopotamia, and Sinai Peninsula • Hadrian felt the empire got too big • Took a step back from Mesopotamia • Instead refortified the rest of the empire with extra soldiers • Fortified the line between the Danube and Rhine Rivers • Hadrian’s Wall: 74 miles long along Britain • Designed to keep out the Scots

  34. Expanding the Empire • Roman Empire covered 3.5 million square miles • Contained 50 million people • Roman Rule • Very lenient on local customs for nations • 212 AD, every free person in empire became Roman citizen • Local officials responsible for • Running government • Enforcing laws • Collecting taxes

  35. Roman Art • Art • Adopted many things from classical Greek art • Looked to go for a realistic view of people instead of the Greek style of sculpting perfection • Architecture • Adopted Greek Columns and Rectangular buildings • Used the ideas of arches and domes • First people to use concrete on large scale operations

  36. Roman Literature • Age of Augustus was the Golden Age of Roman Literature • Virgil • Epic poem Aeneid • Story of Aeneas (The perfect Roman citizen) • Horace • Satires • Attacks those that are greedy • Be happy with what you have • Livy • The Early History of Rome • Traces the origins of Rome but with moral lessons attached to itr

  37. Life in the Roman World • Paterfamilias • Family life was male dominant • All upper-class children were educated • Boys learned reading, writing, law, morals, and physical training • At age 16, they became men and wore white togas instead of purple ones • Girls were sent to schools or given tutors to be educated although ultimately they would become married by 14. (Legal age was 12) • Marriage • Meant to be for life but divorce was introduced • Either side could ask for one

  38. Life in Roman World • Change in Time (100AD) • Eventually the Paterfamilias had less power • No longer had the right to sell children into slavery • Women were allowed to go into public unaccompanied • Women had the right to inherit or own land • Not allowed to have voice in politics • Were allowed to go to sporting events and religious ceremonies • Did not have to be separate from husbands in the house like Greeks

  39. Slavery • Slaves of all nationalities were used in every position needed • Greeks used as tutors • Slaves who murdered their master had all slaves under that master executed • Sparatcus • Gladiator slave that revolt • Southern Italy • 70,000 slaves revolt • Killed in 71BC after defeating a number of legions • 6,000 of his followers were crucified

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