Paper and Board

1. Paper and Board Edexcel – Product Design: Graphics

2. Paper and Board • Producing wood pulp • Manufacturing of paper and card • Cards and boards; • Drawing papers • Commercial printing papers • Commercial card and board • Commercial packaging materials

3. Producing wood pulp • Mechanical • Wood is ground down (this softens the lignin) • More wood produced (quantity) • Chemical • uses chemical solutions to convert wood into pulp • Acids or alkalis • Better quality paper/board produced • Not done in UK – must be imported • Waste Pulp • Recycled paper and board is used in both mechanical and chemical processes • Lower grades of paper and board, not as strong

4. Producing Wood Pulp • Wood is made of different materials • One of which is lignin • Lignin is great for binding all fibres together • Softwoods and hardwoods are used • Softwoods offer more strength • Hardwoods offer a better finish

5. Manufacturing of paper and card • Most modern papermaking machines are based on the principles of the Fourdrinier Machine. • Paper machines have four distinct operational sections: • Forming section (wet end) • Press section • Drying section • Calender section

6. Forming Section Slurry of fibres is filtered out on a continuous fabric loop to form a wet web of fibre

7. Press Section Wet fiber web passes between large rolls loaded under high pressure to squeeze out as much water as possible

8. Drying Section A series of steam heated drying cylinders. Drying removes the water content

9. Calendering Section Heavy steel rolls smooth the dried paper

10. Card and Board • Reminders: • Paper • Weight in gsm • Board • Thickness in microns

11. Cards and boards • Drawing papers • Layout • lightweight, thin white paper- used for initial ideas- takes colour media well- low cost • Tracing • thin, translucent paper- making copies of drawings- high cost • Copier • Fairly cheap when bought in bulk and is available in a range of colours. It is also used for photocopying and inkjet printing usually. • Cartridge • good quality white paper- available in different weights- general purpose work- can be used to make simple models- medium cost

12. Cards and boards • Commercial printing papers • Bond • a high quality durable writing paper similar to bank paper but having a weight greater than 50gsm • used for letterheads, other stationery and as paper for electronic printers. • Coated • has been coated by a compound to impart certain qualities to the paper, including weight, surface gloss, smoothness or reduced ink absorbency. • for high quality printing used in packaging industry and in magazines

13. Cards and boards • Commercial card and board • Mounting board • good quality thick card- coloured surface- used for final models- used for mounting work • Recycled • Used in secondary packaging • may contain traces of inks, adhesives, and other residues which together give it a grey colour • Less predictable composition and poorer functional properties

14. Commercial packaging materials • Folding boxboard • comprises of middle layers of mechanical pulp sandwiched between layers of bleached chemical pulp. Used in primary packaging. • Corrugated card • strong and lightweight, used for packaging protection and point of sale stands, available in different thicknesses • Solid white board • White board is a strong medium it is bleached so it provides a good surface for printing • Foil lined board • is good quality cardboard with a aluminium foil lining. This type of container is ideal for ready made meals or take away meals. The foil retains the heat and helps keep the food warm.

15. Task • Sort out the papers and boards into the correct sequence.