The Montreal Protocol and Climate Change

1. The Montreal Protocol and Climate Change Marco GonzalezOzone SecretariatUNEPDECEMBER 2007

2. Vienna Convention / Montreal Protocol • Objectives: • VC: to protect human health and the environment against adverse effects resulting from modifications of the ozone layer • MP: to protect the ozone layer • In addition, the 4th preamble paragraph to the Montreal Protocol states • “Conscious of the potential climatic effects of emissions of these substances,” • Therefore climate change was considered

3. The Montreal Protocol • A successful multilateral environmental agreement • Phased-out over 95% of global consumption of ozone-depleting substances in just 20 years • Ozone layer on path to recover by mid-century • Averted many millions cases of cancer deaths and cataract cases

4. Global Annual Consumption: Parties had achieved an aggregate 96% reduction in all ODSs

5. S. Montzka, NOAA/ESRL, 2006

6. Effects of the Montreal Protocol and Amendments: Averted many millions cases of cancer deaths and cataract cases

7. The Vienna Convention adopted in 1985 The Montreal Protocol adopted in 1987 Entry into force in 1989 Amended 4 times: 1990, 1992, 1997 & 1999 Adjusted 6 times 96 substances controlled 191 Parties so far The Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) adopted in 1992 The Kyoto Protocol adopted in 1997 Entry into force in 2005 Amended once in 2006 Basket of 6 gases controlled 176 Parties so far Parallels between the conventions and the protocols

9. Consumption under Montreal Protocol: Measured in equivalent GWP-tonnes of CO2 emissions – note the increasing significance of HCFCs

10. Climate Benefits of Ozone Protection • IPCC/TEAP Special Report on Ozone and Climate first highlighted the GWP-weighted emissions • December 2006: Velders, et al., The Importance of the Montreal Protocol in Protecting Climate • MP will reduce GHG emissions by 135 GtCO2-eq. between 1990 and 2010 • This is delaying climate change by up to 12 years • If voluntary efforts & domestic measures from 1970s are taken into account, delay is up to 41 years

11. Velders, Andersen, Daniel, Fahey, & McFarland, PNAS, 2007

12. Triumph in Montreal

14. Developing Countries HCFC Schedule

15. Article 5 HCFC Control Measures – Old vs New

16. Article 5 HCFC Consumption: Savings from the New HCFC Adjustments (assumes freeze at previous base level of 2015)

17. Key Excerpts: HCFC Adjustment Decision • Paragraph 5 on financial and technical assistance: “To agree that the funding available through the Multilateral Fund for the Implementation of MP in the upcoming replenishments shall be stable and sufficient to meet all agreed incremental costs to enable A5 parties to comply with the accelerated phase-out schedule both for production and consumption sectors as set out above, and based on that understanding, to also direct the Executive Committee of Multilateral Fund to make the necessary changes to the eligibility criteria related to the post-1995 facilities and second conversions.”

18. Key Excerpts: HCFC Adjustment Decision • Paragraph 9 on climate change: “To encourage Parties to promote the selection of alternatives to HCFCs that minimize environmental impacts, in particular impacts on climate, as well as meeting other health, safety and economic considerations.” • Paragraph 11 on climate change “To … give priority to cost-effective projects and programmes which focus on … [s]ubstitutes and alternatives that minimize other impacts on the environment, including on the climate, taking into account global warming potential, energy use, and other relevant facts.”

19. GAZING INTO THE FUTURE An agreement that is doing so much for ozone—and for climate—clearly deserves our attention. It has much to teach us. .