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Civil Rights Movement. Key People, Court Cases & Tactics. Ku Klux Klan. Secret group that used violence to try to keep African Americans powerless Used lynching to scare African Americans in conforming Lynch – to kill without trial. Question. What was the point of the masks and uniforms?
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Civil Rights Movement Key People, Court Cases & Tactics
Ku Klux Klan Secret group that used violence to try to keep African Americans powerless Used lynching to scare African Americans in conforming Lynch – to kill without trial
Question • What was the point of the masks and uniforms? • Recall the previous picture do you think that this reflected the will of all Christians or just a few? • Can we blame an entire religious system for the acts of a few individuals?
NAACP Founded in 1909 by W.E.B. Dubois Fought for equality Main goal –End Segregation National Association for the Advancement of Colored People
NAACP fought in the courts Thurgood Marshall was hired by the NAACP to argue in the Supreme Court against school segregation. (Brown vs. Board of Education) He won. He later became the 1st African American Supreme Court Justice.
Question • What was the significance of Thurgood Marshall being the lawyer arguing the case before the Supreme Court?
Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka 1954 desegregation Supreme Court case Oliver Brown sued to overturn Kansas state law that allowed segregated schools Brown’s 8 year old daughter was forced to walk miles through a railroad yard to attend an all African American school The all Caucasian school was only a few blocks away Argued that segregated schools were not equal to white schools and were a violation of the 14th Amendment Brown decision reversed Plessy v Ferguson
Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka • “We conclude that in the field of public education the doctrine of ‘separate but equal’ has no place. Separate educational facilities are inherently unequal” • Chief Justice Earl Warren, Brown v. Board of Education Topeka • Brown decision reversed Plessy v Ferguson
Brown vs. Board of Education 1954 Stated segregation of public schools was unconstitutional
The Fight Many African Americans and Caucasians risked their lives and lost their lives to remedy this situation. Grassroots: group of ordinary people who come together at a local level for a cause Rosa Parks was not the first, but she was the beginning of something special.
Question • Why do you think that “Caucasians” were in danger, too, for their actions in the Civil Rights Movement?
Montgomery Bus Boycott, 1955 Rosa Parks was arrested for violating the segregation laws of Montgomery, Alabama She refused to move to the back of the bus and give up her seat for a white man Rosa Parks started the Montgomery Bus Boycott
In Response. . . For over a year, African Americans boycotted the buses. They carpooled and walked through all weather conditions
What to do next? You can’t boycott something that doesn’t want your business anyway! A new, nonviolent tactic was needed.
Many were arrested for an “illegal boycott” including their leader. . .
Sit ins This was in Greensboro, North Carolina
Sit-in Tactics Dress in your Sunday best. Be respectful to employees and police. Do not resist arrest! Do not fight back! Remember, journalists are everywhere!
Students were ready to take your place if you had a class to attend.
Not only were there sit-ins. . Swim ins (beaches, pools) Kneel ins (churches) Drive ins (at motels) Study-ins (universities)
Question • How do you think that business owners responded to sit-ins and other such activities? • Do you think that this would stop the sit-ins from happening?
Television Helps the Civil Rights Movement MLK organized peaceful protest for desegregation in Birmingham, AL Police arrested King and hundreds of others TV cameras carried images of police setting snarling dogs on unarmed protesters Police were shown washing small children across the street using powerful water hoses
March on Washington 1963 President Kennedy was pushing for a civil rights bill. To show support, 500,000 African Americans went to Washington D.C.
School Integration The attitude of many schools after the 1954 Brown decision was like: Come Make Me!
Federalism When Federal troops are sent to make states follow federal laws, this struggle for power is called federalism. The Civil Rights Movement was mostly getting the federal government to make state governments to follow federal law.
Pres. Eisenhower stopped the segregation of Little Rock by sending Federal Troops!!
James Meredith, University of Mississippi, escorted to class by U.S. marshals and troops. Oct. 2, 1962.
