Intellectual Advancements

1. Intellectual Advancements • Encyclopedia - Encyclopédie Denis Diderot (1713-1784) Encyclopédie, 1751 Science Plate

2. Revolution • Industrial Revolution • Britain, late 1700’s • Technological developments were catalysts for the change from a rural, farm-based society to an urban, industrial one Gas Street Lamp Spinning Jenny Sewing Machine Eli Whitney and Cotton Gin James Watt and Steam Engine

3. Political Revolution • American Revolution (1775-1783) • inspired by the Enlightenment • the 13 colonies of North America become restless and dissatisfied with their rule by the British monarchy. • Declaration of Independence in 1776 stated the rights of the 13 colonies to rule themselves; thus becoming a country based on the idea that “all men are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain inalienable Rights, that among these are Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness.”

4. French Revolution (1789-1799) • inspired by the Enlightenment and the American Declaration of Independence • opposition to the monarchy spread rapidly from the property owners and the middle classes to the peasants and resulted in a bloody uprising. • Motto – “Liberty, equality, fraternity.” The monarchy was abolished, nobility put to death and a new republic set up.

5. Vienna: The Center of the Musical Universe

6. Jean-Antoine Watteau (1684-1721) A Pilgrimage to Cytheria

7. Fêtes galantes style was countered by Jean-Baptiste Siméon Chardin (1699-1799)who found inspiration in the lives of ordinary people and all that surrounded them. Back from the Market Chardin Self-Portrait Table Still Life Le Dejeuner

8. Neoclassical Visual Art • During the Enlightenment period there were great archeological discoveries made, particularly from ancient Greece and Rome. • The ideas, designs and style of the ancient Greeks and Romans were particularly fitting for the new period of enlightenment. • The Neoclassical style differentiated itself from the Rococo style in is simplicity and naturalness.

9. Neoclassical Architecture The Arc de Triomphe du Carrousel Paris The Brandenburg Gate, Berlin La Madeleine, Paris The Rotunda, University of Virginia

10. Neoclassical Painting • Jacques-Louis David (1748-1825) The Oath of Horatii Madame Recamier

11. Neoclassical Sculpture Moved from the dramatic, emotional forms to more idealized classical poses. • Antonio Canova Cupid and Psyche Napoleon

12. Jean-Antoine Houdon Voltaire Washington

13. Musical Arts in the Classical Era • Life as a Classical Artist • Artists of the 18th century generally functioned under the system of aristocratic patronage. • Socially, they were little better than servants. While this was often distasteful to them, they were provided with economic security and a social framework within which he/she could function as a musician. • Yet, each major composer (Haydn, Mozart and Beethoven) began to pull away from the patronage system.

14. Musical Life in Society • An important aspect of musical life in the Classical period was the rise of the public concert. • This phenomenon was possible due most to the larger and more prosperous middle class. • Tickets could be purchased for single events or for full series. • Concerts in this time were much longer than concerts are today and unlike our concerts, most of the music heard was new works.

15. Baroque and Classical Comparison Baroque Classical

16. Classical Orchestra • Blending of the four orchestral families: strings, woodwinds, brass, percussion • 30 to 40 players • Gradual dynamics established (Mannheim crescendo)

17. Musical Genres • Vocal • Mass and Requiem Mass • Art Song: a pairing between music and literature • Oratorio • Opera: opera seria, opera buffa

18. Instrumental Genres • Sonata • Three movements • Most written for solo piano, violin or cello sonatas • Important for the amateur players • Solo Concerto • Three movements: fast, slow, fast • Piano and violin were the common soloists • Symphony • 1st movement: sonata-allegro form • 2nd movement: three part form (ABA) • 3rd movement: minuet and trio form • 4th movement: rondo or sonata-allegro form • String Quartet • Two violins, a viola and a cello • Four movements

19. Form in the Classical Tradition • Sonata-Allegro • Theme and Variation • Minuet and Trio • Rondo

20. Elements of Music • Melody – vocal in conception, symmetrical, question and answer • Harmony - tonal • Rhythm – simple, metric • Texture – homophony and for accompaniments, Alberti Bass • Dynamics - gradual • Timbre • Vocal: SATB • Instrumental: string, woodwind, brass, percussion • Keyboard: piano (Alberti Bass) • Form – sonata-allegro, theme and variation, minuet and trio, rondo

21. Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart (1756-1791)

22. Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart (1756-1791) Mozart as a Child The Mozart Family: Nannerl, Wolfgang and Leopold

23. Mozart and Costanze Mozart as Young Adult

24. Sonata-allegro Form • Symphony No. 40, K. 550, 1788 • 1st movement: Molto Allegro

26. Minuet and Trio • Symphony No. 40 in G Minor, K. 550, 1788 • 3rd Movement: Menuetto (Allegretto)

28. Classical Opera • Don Giovanni (Don Juan), 1787, Mozart • Act I: Duet: “La ci darem la mano” (There you will give me your hand)

29. Maria Theresia von Paradis (1759-1824) • “Morgenlied eines armen Mannes”

30. Ludwig van Beethoven (1770-1827) As an adult Age 13

31. Rondo Form • String Quartet in C Minor, Op. 18, No. 4, 1798-1800 • 4th Movement: Rondo (Allegro)A B A C A A B A C A B A

32. Sonata Form • Symphony No. 5 in C Minor, Op. 67, 1808 • 1st Movement: Allegro con brio

33. Joseph Haydn (1732-1809) Prince Nikolaus Esterhazy Esterhaza Palace

34. Theme and Variation • Symphony No. 94 in G Major (Surprise, 1791) • 2nd Movement: Andante