Key Figures and Concepts in Roman History

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2. G6 Chapter 12 The Roman Empire (50 BC – AD 150)

3. G6 Chapter 13 Rome and Christianity (AD 1 – 400)

4. G6C12 Key Terms and People

5. G6C13 Key Terms and People

6. 100 Answer When did he live? 63 BC–AD 14 Where did he live? Rome What did he do? As the leader of Rome, he made many improvements in the city. He created a fire department and a police force to protect the city’s people. He built new aqueducts and repaired old ones to increase Rome’s water supply. He also worked on improving and expanding Rome’s road network. Why is he important? As Rome’s first emperor, he is one of the most significant figures in Roman history. Almost singlehandedly, he changed the nature of Roman government forever. But he is also known for the great monuments he had built around Rome. He built a new forum that held statues, monuments, and a great temple to the god Mars. In writing about his life, he wrote, “I found Rome a city of brick and left it a city of marble.” Julius Caesar 8. Romans Allow Many Religions Cleopatra 9. Jews and Romans Clash Augustus 10. Messiah Roman Trade Routes, AD 200 11. Bible Roman Roads 12. Jesus of Nazreth Roman Arch 13. Jesus’s Message Civil Law 14. Constantine

7. 200 Answer a legal system based on a written code of laws, like the one created by the Romans. Most countries in Europe today have _____ ________ traditions. In the 1500s and 1600s, European explorers and colonists carried ___________ around the world. As a result, some countries in Africa, Asia, and the Americas developed these rulse as well. Julius Caesar 8. Romans Allow Many Religions Cleopatra 9. Jews and Romans Clash Augustus 10. Messiah Roman Trade Routes, AD 200 11. Bible Roman Roads 12. Jesus of Nazreth Roman Arch 13. Jesus’s Message Civil Law 14. Constantine

8. 300 Answer The Romans practiced polytheism in the early years of its empire. When Rome conquered new people, they continued to let them practice their own religion. Julius Caesar 8. Romans Allow Many Religions Cleopatra 9. Jews and Romans Clash Augustus 10. Messiah Roman Trade Routes, AD 200 11. Bible Roman Roads 12. Jesus of Nazreth Roman Arch 13. Jesus’s Message Civil Law 14. Constantine

9. 400 Answer A network so large and well constructed that parts of it remain today, roughly 2,000 years later Julius Caesar 8. Romans Allow Many Religions Cleopatra 9. Jews and Romans Clash Augustus 10. Messiah Roman Trade Routes, AD 200 11. Bible Roman Roads 12. Jesus of Nazreth Roman Arch 13. Jesus’s Message Civil Law 14. Constantine

10. 500 Answer the holy book of Christianity Julius Caesar 8. Romans Allow Many Religions Cleopatra 9. Jews and Romans Clash Augustus 10. Messiah Roman Trade Routes, AD 200 11. Bible Roman Roads 12. Jesus of Nazreth Roman Arch 13. Jesus’s Message Civil Law 14. Constantine

11. 600 Answer He was probably the greatest general in Roman history. Other Romans admired him for his bravery and skill in battle. At the same time, his soldiers respected him because he treated them well Between 58 and 50 BC he conquered nearly all of Gaul—a region that included much of modern France, Germany, and northern Italy—and part of Britain. After years of traveling and war, he returned to Rome. When he got there, he forced the Senate to name him dictator for 10 years. Later this term was extended and he became dictator for life. Julius Caesar 8. Romans Allow Many Religions Cleopatra 9. Jews and Romans Clash Augustus 10. Messiah Roman Trade Routes, AD 200 11. Bible Roman Roads 12. Jesus of Nazreth Roman Arch 13. Jesus’s Message Civil Law 14. Constantine

12. 700 Answer This design supported much heavier weights than other shapes can. It was used in the design of aqueducts and vaults. Julius Caesar 8. Romans Allow Many Religions Cleopatra 9. Jews and Romans Clash Augustus 10. Messiah Roman Trade Routes, AD 200 11. Bible Roman Roads 12. Jesus of Nazreth Roman Arch 13. Jesus’s Message Civil Law 14. Constantine

13. 800 Answer (c. 280–337) He grew up in the court of the Roman emperor. As a young man he became a general and led his army in many successful campaigns. After he converted to Christianity, he came to believe that he had been successful all his life because he had God’s favor. He built several great churches in the empire, including one in Jerusalem at the spot where Jesus was believed to have been buried. Throughout history Christians have considered him one of Rome’s greatest emperors. Julius Caesar 8. Romans Allow Many Religions Cleopatra 9. Jews and Romans Clash Augustus 10. Messiah Roman Trade Routes, AD 200 11. Bible Roman Roads 12. Jesus of Nazreth Roman Arch 13. Jesus’s Message Civil Law 14. Constantine

14. 900 Answer He was the Messiah and the son of God. Julius Caesar 8. Romans Allow Many Religions Cleopatra 9. Jews and Romans Clash Augustus 10. Messiah Roman Trade Routes, AD 200 11. Bible Roman Roads 12. Jesus of Nazreth Roman Arch 13. Jesus’s Message Civil Law 14. Constantine

15. 1000 Answer Political conflict arose because the Jews rebelled against Roman rule. Judea, the territory in which most Jews lived, had been conquered by Rome in 63 BC. Since then, many Jews had been unhappy with Roman rule. They wanted to be ruled only by Jews, not by outsiders. As a result, the Jews rebelled in the AD 60s. The rebellion was defeated, however, and the Jews were punished for their actions. Julius Caesar 8. Romans Allow Many Religions Cleopatra 9. Jews and Romans Clash Augustus 10. Messiah Roman Trade Routes, AD 200 11. Bible Roman Roads 12. Jesus of Nazreth Roman Arch 13. Jesus’s Message Civil Law 14. Constantine

16. G6 Chapter 14 The Fall of Rome (220 – 1453)

17. G6 Chapter 15 Early Americas (12,000 BC – AD 900)

18. G6C14 Key Terms and People

19. G6C15 Key Terms and People

20. 100 Answer Problems Inside the Empire – large size made communication difficult, corruption became common, rich citizens left Rome for country estates, taxes and prices rose; Problems Outside of the Empire – barbarians began invading the empire The Goths 8. Maize Why Rome Fell? 9. Obsidian The Byzantine Empire 10. Palenque The Western Roman and Byzantine Empires 11. Warfare The Glory of Constantinople 12. Upper Class vs. Lower Class Theodora 13. A Maya King and His Court Justinian 14. Religion

21. 200 Answer The capital, Constantinople, was strategically located where Europe and Asia meet. As a result, the city was in a perfect location to control trade routes between the two continents. The Goths 8. Maize Why Rome Fell? 9. Obsidian The Byzantine Empire 10. Palenque The Western Roman and Byzantine Empires 11. Warfare The Glory of Constantinople 12. Upper Class vs. Lower Class Theodora 13. A Maya King and His Court Justinian 14. Religion

22. 300 Answer This was a sharp, glasslike volcanic rock, that came from different parts of Mesoamerica. It was used for weapons and cutting tools. It was valued for its sharp edges and considered sacred by the Maya, and it was mined in the mountains and traded throughout the Maya world. The Goths 8. Maize Why Rome Fell? 9. Obsidian The Byzantine Empire 10. Palenque The Western Roman and Byzantine Empires 11. Warfare The Glory of Constantinople 12. Upper Class vs. Lower Class Theodora 13. A Maya King and His Court Justinian 14. Religion

23. 400 Answer Rome’s leaders were afraid that these people would destroy Roman land and property. To stop this destruction, the emperors fought to keep them out of Roman lands. In the east the armies were largely successful. They forced them to move farther west. As a result, however, the western armies were defeated by the them, who moved into Roman territory. The Romans fought desperately to keep the them away from Rome. They also paid them not to attack them. For many years this strategy worked. In 408, however, the Romans stopped making payments. This made the them furious. Despite the Romans’ best efforts to defend their city, they sacked, or destroyed, Rome in 410. The Goths 8. Maize Why Rome Fell? 9. Obsidian The Byzantine Empire 10. Palenque The Western Roman and Byzantine Empires 11. Warfare The Glory of Constantinople 12. Upper Class vs. Lower Class Theodora 13. A Maya King and His Court Justinian 14. Religion

24. 500 Answer For one empire, popes and bishops led the church, and the emperor led the government while Latin was the main language. For the other empire, emperors led the church and the government while Greek was the main language. The Goths 8. Maize Why Rome Fell? 9. Obsidian The Byzantine Empire 10. Palenque The Western Roman and Byzantine Empires 11. Warfare The Glory of Constantinople 12. Upper Class vs. Lower Class Theodora 13. A Maya King and His Court Justinian 14. Religion

25. 600 Answer He made Constantinople into a grand capital city and the center of a strong empire. He tried to conquer the former western Roman empire but couldn’t. The Goths 8. Maize Why Rome Fell? 9. Obsidian The Byzantine Empire 10. Palenque The Western Roman and Byzantine Empires 11. Warfare The Glory of Constantinople 12. Upper Class vs. Lower Class Theodora 13. A Maya King and His Court Justinian 14. Religion

26. 700 Answer This is corn. The Goths 8. Maize Why Rome Fell? 9. Obsidian The Byzantine Empire 10. Palenque The Western Roman and Byzantine Empires 11. Warfare The Glory of Constantinople 12. Upper Class vs. Lower Class Theodora 13. A Maya King and His Court Justinian 14. Religion

27. 800 Answer c. 500–548  She helped create laws to aid women and children and to end government corruption. The Goths 8. Maize Why Rome Fell? 9. Obsidian The Byzantine Empire 10. Palenque The Western Roman and Byzantine Empires 11. Warfare The Glory of Constantinople 12. Upper Class vs. Lower Class Theodora 13. A Maya King and His Court Justinian 14. Religion

28. 900 Answer Maya _____________ was bloody. Warriors fought hand-to-hand using spears, flint knives, and wooden clubs. The Maya often captured enemy prisoners and killed them in religious ceremonies as a sacrifice to their gods. They burned enemy towns and villages. ___________ probably tore up the land and destroyed crops. Maya _____________ was so destructive that some scholars think it may have contributed to the end of the Maya civilization. The Goths 8. Maize Why Rome Fell? 9. Obsidian The Byzantine Empire 10. Palenque The Western Roman and Byzantine Empires 11. Warfare The Glory of Constantinople 12. Upper Class vs. Lower Class Theodora 13. A Maya King and His Court Justinian 14. Religion

29. 1000 Answer The king held the highest position in society. Priests, warriors, and merchants were also part of the privileged. Rulers were believed to be related to gods. Most Mayans were farmers and lived in small houses outside the cities. The Goths 8. Maize Why Rome Fell? 9. Obsidian The Byzantine Empire 10. Palenque The Western Roman and Byzantine Empires 11. Warfare The Glory of Constantinople 12. Upper Class vs. Lower Class Theodora 13. A Maya King and His Court Justinian 14. Religion

30. G7 Chapter 2 The Fall of Rome (AD 117-1453)

31. G7 Chapter 3 The Rise of Islam (AD 550-650)

32. G7C2 Key Terms and People

33. G7C3 Key Terms and People

34. 100 Answer In the 200’s, convinced that the empire was too big for one person to rule, Diocletian divided the empire. He ruled one-half of the empire and named a co-emperor to rule the other half. 1. The Legacy of Rome 8. Nomads 2. Early Christianity in the Roman Empire 9. Muhammad’s Teachings 3. The Eastern and Western Empires 10. Judaism 4. Invasions of the Roman Empire 11. Christianity 5. Why Rome Fell? 12. Islam 6. The Byzantine Empire 13. The Five Pillars of Islam 7. The Glory of Constantinople 14. Sources of Islamic Beliefs

35. 200 Answer • Qur’an - Holy book that includes all the messages Muhammad received from God • Sunnah - Muhammad’s example for the duties and way of life expected of Muslims • Shariah - Islamic law, based on interpretations of the Qur’an and Sunnah 1. The Legacy of Rome 8. Nomads 2. Early Christianity in the Roman Empire 9. Muhammad’s Teachings 3. The Eastern and Western Empires 10. Judaism 4. Invasions of the Roman Empire 11. Christianity 5. Why Rome Fell? 12. Islam 6. The Byzantine Empire 13. The Five Pillars of Islam 7. The Glory of Constantinople 14. Sources of Islamic Beliefs

36. 300 Answer This religion uses the Torah for its holy book of learning. 1. The Legacy of Rome 8. Nomads 2. Early Christianity in the Roman Empire 9. Muhammad’s Teachings 3. The Eastern and Western Empires 10. Judaism 4. Invasions of the Roman Empire 11. Christianity 5. Why Rome Fell? 12. Islam 6. The Byzantine Empire 13. The Five Pillars of Islam 7. The Glory of Constantinople 14. Sources of Islamic Beliefs

37. 400 Answer This religion uses the Bible for its holy book of learning. 1. The Legacy of Rome 8. Nomads 2. Early Christianity in the Roman Empire 9. Muhammad’s Teachings 3. The Eastern and Western Empires 10. Judaism 4. Invasions of the Roman Empire 11. Christianity 5. Why Rome Fell? 12. Islam 6. The Byzantine Empire 13. The Five Pillars of Islam 7. The Glory of Constantinople 14. Sources of Islamic Beliefs

38. 500 Answer This religion uses the Qur’an for its holy book of learning. 1. The Legacy of Rome 8. Nomads 2. Early Christianity in the Roman Empire 9. Muhammad’s Teachings 3. The Eastern and Western Empires 10. Judaism 4. Invasions of the Roman Empire 11. Christianity 5. Why Rome Fell? 12. Islam 6. The Byzantine Empire 13. The Five Pillars of Islam 7. The Glory of Constantinople 14. Sources of Islamic Beliefs

39. 600 Answer These people constantly traveled and traded goods throughout the desert. 1. The Legacy of Rome 8. Nomads 2. Early Christianity in the Roman Empire 9. Muhammad’s Teachings 3. The Eastern and Western Empires 10. Judaism 4. Invasions of the Roman Empire 11. Christianity 5. Why Rome Fell? 12. Islam 6. The Byzantine Empire 13. The Five Pillars of Islam 7. The Glory of Constantinople 14. Sources of Islamic Beliefs

40. 700 Answer The idea of writing down laws and a having a separation of powers for a government. The use of roads to connect cities to provide accessible trading routes. Buildings that continue to use the pillar design for architectural features. 1. The Legacy of Rome 8. Nomads 2. Early Christianity in the Roman Empire 9. Muhammad’s Teachings 3. The Eastern and Western Empires 10. Judaism 4. Invasions of the Roman Empire 11. Christianity 5. Why Rome Fell? 12. Islam 6. The Byzantine Empire 13. The Five Pillars of Islam 7. The Glory of Constantinople 14. Sources of Islamic Beliefs

41. 800 Answer Problems Inside the Empire 1. Large size made communication difficult. 2. Corruption became common. 3. Rich citizens left Rome for country estates. 4. Taxes and prices rose. Problems Outside the Empire 1. Barbarians began invading the empire. 1. The Legacy of Rome 8. Nomads 2. Early Christianity in the Roman Empire 9. Muhammad’s Teachings 3. The Eastern and Western Empires 10. Judaism 4. Invasions of the Roman Empire 11. Christianity 5. Why Rome Fell? 12. Islam 6. The Byzantine Empire 13. The Five Pillars of Islam 7. The Glory of Constantinople 14. Sources of Islamic Beliefs

42. 900 Answer The Romans fought desperately to keep the Goths away from Rome. They also paid the Goths not to attack them. For many years this strategy worked. In 408, however, the Romans stopped making payments. This made the Goths furious. Despite the Romans’ best efforts to defend their city, the Goths sacked, or destroyed, Rome in 410. The destruction of Rome absolutely devastated the Romans. No one had attacked their city in nearly 800 years. For the first time, many Romans began to feel afraid for the safety of their empire. 1. The Legacy of Rome 8. Nomads 2. Early Christianity in the Roman Empire 9. Muhammad’s Teachings 3. The Eastern and Western Empires 10. Judaism 4. Invasions of the Roman Empire 11. Christianity 5. Why Rome Fell? 12. Islam 6. The Byzantine Empire 13. The Five Pillars of Islam 7. The Glory of Constantinople 14. Sources of Islamic Beliefs

43. 1000 Answer Muhammad became a prophet and introduced a religion called Islam in Arabia. __________________ had similarities to Judaism and Christianity, but they also presented new ideas. He taught to believe in one God and should give money to help the poor. 1. The Legacy of Rome 8. Nomads 2. Early Christianity in the Roman Empire 9. Muhammad’s Teachings 3. The Eastern and Western Empires 10. Judaism 4. Invasions of the Roman Empire 11. Christianity 5. Why Rome Fell? 12. Islam 6. The Byzantine Empire 13. The Five Pillars of Islam 7. The Glory of Constantinople 14. Sources of Islamic Beliefs

44. G7 Chapter 4 The Spread of Islam (AD 634-1650)

45. G7 Chapter 5 Early West African Societies (3000 BC – AD 300)

46. G7C4 Key Terms and People

47. G7C5 Key Terms and People

48. 100 Answer Covers most of North Africa or about a 1/3 of Africa territory Trade in the Muslim World 8. Desert The City of Corboda 9. Savannah The Hajj 10. Rain Forest The Ottoman Empire 11. Village Society The Safavid Empire 12. Animism The Mughal Empire 13. Extended Family Islamic Achievements 14. Trade in West Africa

49. 200 Answer Much of Africa is covered by grasslands. Also, known as ______________. Trade in the Muslim World 8. Desert The City of Corboda 9. Savannah The Hajj 10. Rain Forest The Ottoman Empire 11. Village Society The Safavid Empire 12. Animism The Mughal Empire 13. Extended Family Islamic Achievements 14. Trade in West Africa

50. 300 Answer The Astrolabe Although the Greeks invented the astrolabe, Muslim scholars greatly improved it. Astronomy Muslim scientists made remarkable advances in astronomy. An observatory was built in the 1700s in Delhi, the capital of Mughal India. Geography Muslims created new and better maps led to even more travel and a greater understanding of the world’s geography. Trade in the Muslim World 8. Desert The City of Corboda 9. Savannah The Hajj 10. Rain Forest The Ottoman Empire 11. Village Society The Safavid Empire 12. Animism The Mughal Empire 13. Extended Family Islamic Achievements 14. Trade in West Africa