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The Market Revolution. SECTION 1. SECTION 2. Manifest Destiny. Expansion in Texas. SECTION 3. The War with Mexico. SECTION 4. Expanding Markets and Moving West. NEXT. Section 1. The Market Revolution.

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  1. The Market Revolution SECTION 1 SECTION 2 Manifest Destiny Expansion in Texas SECTION 3 The War with Mexico SECTION 4 Expanding Markets and Moving West NEXT

  2. Section 1 The Market Revolution Technological changes create greater interaction and more economic diversity among the regions of the nation. NEXT

  3. SECTION 1 The Market Revolution U.S. Markets Expand Changing Economic Activities • Early 1800s farm families self-sufficient; only buy what cannot make • Mid-century farmers begin specialization—raise 1or 2 cash crops • Market revolution—people buy and sell goods rather than make them The Entrepreneurial Spirit • Capitalism—private control of means of production, used for profit • Business capital (money, property, machines) fuels growing economy • Entrepreneurs invest own money in new industries; great loss, profit Continued . . . NEXT

  4. Capitalism Capitalism hasn’t always been like the way it is today. Throughout the 1800s, it was mainly dominated by small family-owned firms. In 1830 the biggest company in the world was the Cyfartha iron company, worth about $2 million, with 5,000 employees. A hundred years later the biggest company, U.S. Steel, was worth $2.3 billion, and employed 250,000 people. Today, the world’s largest company is the energy producer Royal Dutch Shell. It raked in a staggering $458 billion in revenue in 2008.

  5. SECTION 1 continuedU.S. Markets Expand • New Inventions • Inventor-entrepreneurs develop new products • Charles Goodyear creates vulcanized rubber in 1839 • Elias Howe patents sewing machine; I. M. Singer adds foot treadle • Factory production of clothing prices drop by over 75% • Impact on Household Economy • Farmers begin using mechanized farm equipment; boost industry output • Technology lowers cost of factory items; workers become consumers NEXT

  6. SECTION 1 The Economic Revolution Impact on Communication • 1837,Samuel F. B. Morse develops electromagnetic telegraph: - messages tapped in code, carried by copper wire - businesses, railroads transmit information In 1843, Congress agreed to pay for the construction of the first telegraph line, from Baltimore to Washington. On May 24, 1844, the first message was sent across the wires: “What hath God wrought?”—a quotation from the Bible. Continued . . . NEXT

  7. SECTION 1 continuedThe Economic Revolution Impact on Transportation • 1807, Robert Fulton’s steamboat goes 150 miles up Hudson in 32 hours • By 1830 steamboats on western rivers and canals cut freight costs, speed travel, carry heavy machinery and raw materials • Canals connect Midwest farmers to Northeast and world markets • Emergence of Railroads • 1840s, shipping by railroad much costlier than by canal • Railroads faster, operate in winter, go inland • Early train travel uncomfortable for passengers • By 1850s, railroads expand, cost drops, safety increased Continued . . . NEXT

  8. Birth of the Railroads Before the opening of the first major railway line, the Liverpool & Manchester in 1830, there were fears it would be impossible to breathe while travelling at such a velocity, or that the passengers’ eyes would explode due to having to adjust to the motion. The first moving picture, "The Arrival of a Train at La Ciotat Station“, was shown to an audience in France in 1895. When the film was first shown, the audience was so overwhelmed by the moving image of a life-sized train coming directly at them that people screamed and ran to the back of the room. Hellmuth Karasek in the German magazine Der Spiegel wrote that the film "had a particularly lasting impact; yes, it caused fear, terror, even panic.“ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1dgLEDdFddk

  9. SECTION 1 New Markets Link Regions • Northeast Shipping and Manufacturing • Canals, railroads turn Northeast into center of American commerce • New York City central link between U.S. farms and European markets • Great rise in manufacturing: more, better, less expensive goods Midwest Farming • John Deere invents steel plow; farmers replace oxen with horses • Cyrus McCormick invents mechanical reaper; 1 farmer can do work of 5 • Farmers shift from subsistence farming to growing cash crops NEXT

  10. SECTION 1 continuedNew Markets Link Regions • Effect of Regional Links • Improved transportation, communication make regions interdependent • Growing links lead to development of regional specialties • Southern Agriculture • Most of South agricultural; relies on cotton, tobacco, rice • South lacks capital for factories; money tied up in land, slave Continued . . . NEXT

  11. Section 2 Manifest Destiny Americans move west, energized by their belief in the rightful expansion of the United States from the Atlantic to the Pacific. NEXT

  12. SECTION 2 Manifest Destiny The Frontier Draws Settlers American Mission • Before 1840, few Americans go to Louisiana Territory; many do after • Manifest destiny—belief that U.S. destined to expand to Pacific Ocean • Attitudes Toward the Frontier • Many settlers try fresh start in West after panic of 1837 • Land for farming, speculation important for building prosperity • Merchants seeking new markets follow farmers, miners • Oregon Territory harbors expand trade with Asia NEXT

  13. Manifest Destiny In the summer of 1845, John L. Sullivan, a magazine editor, had written of “the fulfillment of our manifest destiny to overspread the continent allotted by Providence for the free development of our yearly multiplying millions”. The phrase manifest destiny came to signify the inevitability of the continuing growth of the US—to the Pacific Ocean, certainly, and who knew where else?

  14. SECTION 2 Settlers and Native Americans • Effects on Native American Communities • Most Native Americans maintain own traditions even if forced to move • Some assimilate into white culture; some fight to keep whites out • The Black Hawk War • In 1830s, settlers in Illinois, Iowa pressure natives to go west • Chief Black Hawk leads rebellion in Illinois, Wisconsin Territory • Sauk, Fox tribes defeated, forcibly moved west of the Mississippi Continued . . . NEXT

  15. Black Hawk War As a young man, Abraham Lincoln served very briefly as a volunteer during the Black Hawk War of 1832. He saw no action, but joked that he “had a good many bloody struggles with the mosquitoes, and although I never fainted from the loss of blood, I can truly say I was often very hungry.” When Black Hawk was captured he was placed in the charge of a recent West Point graduate, Jefferson Davis.

  16. SECTION 2 continuedSettlers and Native Americans • Middle Ground • Middle ground is area not dominated by Native Americans or settlers • Good relations where settlers need Native American trading partners • Middle ground west of Mississippi, result of 1830 Indian Removal Act Continued . . . NEXT

  17. SECTION 2 continuedSettlers and Native Americans • Fort Laramie Treaty • Small numbers of displaced natives fight settlers moving west • 1851 Treaty of Fort Laramie between U.S. government, native nations • - Native Americans get control of Central Plains • - promise not to attack settlers • - U.S. pledges to honor boundaries • Settlers increase, deplete buffalo, elk; U.S. violates treaty NEXT

  18. SECTION 2 Trails West The Santa Fe Trail • Thousands trek west on old Native American trails, new routes • Santa Fe Trail—busy trade route; Independence, MO to Santa Fe, NM • First 150 miles wagons go alone, then band together for protection The Oregon Trail • 1836, settlers go to Oregon, prove wagons can go into Northwest • Oregon Trail—trail from Independence, MO to Portland, OR • Pioneers use Conestoga wagons, push handcarts; trip takes months Continued . . . NEXT

  19. Tuberculosis The disease of consumption, aka tuberculosis, was the cause of more deaths in industrialized countries than any other disease during the 19th and early 20th centuries. By the late 19th century, 70 to 90% of the urban populations of Europe and North America were infected with the TB bacillus, and about 80% of those individuals who developed active tuberculosis died of it. For most of the 19th century, tuberculosis was thought to be a hereditary, constitutional disease rather than a contagious one. The sanatoria movement, which began around 1880, was an attempt to cure tuberculosis naturally and to prevent its spread by moving patients into quiet environments, isolated from normal life, where the air was pure and freely circulating. In the 1840’s, health seekers begin to move to the newly acquired lands in the West and settle there in an attempt to cure themselves through nature. Pamphlets distributed in the East claim the air in certain western territories -- such as Minnesota and Oregon -- is so pure that it could cure anyone of the disease.

  20. The Donner Party http://www.history.com/topics/donner-party/videos/the-donner-party

  21. SECTION 2 continuedTrails West The Mormon Migration • Joseph Smith forms Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints in NY • Mormons—religious group, settles in Illinois; clashes over polygamy • Brigham Young, Smith’s successor, leads Mormons outside U.S. - settle near Great Salt Lake, Utah Resolving Territorial Disputes • 1842, Webster-Ashburton Treaty settles border in East, Midwest • “Fifty-Four Forty or Fight!” slogan calls for annexation of Oregon • 1846, U.S., Britain extend boundary west along 49th parallel NEXT

  22. Joseph Smith and the Mormons Smith says that in 1827, he found golden plates inscribed in Egyptian characters, which he translated with the help of God. The result was the “Book of Mormon” (published in 1830): gives the history of a group of Jews who escaped from Jerusalem when it fell to invaders in ancient times…they eventually arrived in the Americas. http://southpark.cc.com/clips/104253/joseph-smith-part-1

  23. Section 3 Expansion in Texas Mexico offers land grants to American settlers, but conflict develops over religion and other cultural differences, and the issue of slavery. NEXT

  24. SECTION 3 Americans Settle in the Southwest • Mexico Invites U.S. Settlers • To protect territory, Mexico encourages U.S. farmers to go to Texas • Offers land grants to empresarios (agents) who sell land cheaply • Until 1830s, Anglo settlers live as naturalized Mexican citizens Austin in Texas • Stephen F. Austin, successful empresario, establishes colony in 1821 • Old Three Hundred get 177 farming acres or 4,428 grazing acres • U.S. wants lands south to Rio Grande; Mexico refuses to sell Texas NEXT

  25. SECTION 3 Texas Fights for Independence • “Come to Texas” • Cultural differences arise between Anglos and Mexico: • - Anglos speak English, not Spanish • - Southerners bring slaves; Mexico abolished slavery • In 1830s, Anglos greatly outnumber Tejanos • Mexican president Antonio López de Santa Anna imprisons Austin • - revokes local powers; rebellions erupt, including Texas Revolution • “Remember the Alamo!” • Santa Anna marches to Texas; Austin tells Texans to arm themselves • Santa Anna storms Alamo, old mission; all 187 U.S. defenders killed Continued . . . NEXT

  26. The Alamo In February of 1836, General Santa Anna led an army of 4,000 men and began a siege of the Alamo, an old chapel in San Antonio. The Alamo was commanded by James Bowie, the inventor of the Bowie knife. Also in the fort was Davy Crocket. The Alamo siege cost Santa Anna ¼ of his army. http://www.solarmovie.tl/link/play/1343595/

  27. SECTION 3 continuedTexas Fights for Independence The Lone Star Republic • Sam Houston (former Governor of TN) defeats, captures Santa Anna at Battle of San Jacinto • Santa Anna grants TX independence in exchange for his freedom • Treaty of Velasco grants independence to Texas (April 1836) • Houston becomes president of the Republic of Texas Texas Joins the Union • 1838, Houston invites U.S. to annex, or incorporate, Texas • South favors, North opposes annexation • British recognize TX independence; even the North now approves of annexation over fears of Brit control • Texas becomes state in 1845 NEXT

  28. The Republic of Texas Sam Houston was elected President of Texas over Stephen Austin, who was appointed Secretary of State. The Republic was an independent country until its annexation by the US in 1846. The capital of Texas since 1839 is Austin. But the largest city in TX, on the site of the Battle of San Jacinto, is named Houston. It’s the 6th largest city in the US, and the largest to be named for an American.

  29. Section 4 The War with Mexico Tensions over the U.S. annexation of Texas leads to war with Mexico, resulting in huge territorial gains for the United States. NEXT

  30. SECTION 4 The War with Mexico Polk Urges War Election of 1844 • 1844 election about expansionism in TX --Dems increasingly pro-slavery; Whigs anti --Whigs nominate Clay = anti-TX, slavery --Tyler fails to win Dems nomination --Dems nominate James K. Polk --Dems expansionist views appeal to public…Polk wins a close election • President Polk favors war with Mexico - believes U.S. will get Texas, New Mexico, California NEXT

  31. SECTION 4 continuedPolk Urges War • Polk Considers War • FL & TX enter US as slave-states; IA & WI enter as free-states • Slave states want war to expand in more territory • Texans claim land all the way to Rio Grande • Polk orders General Zachary Taylor to blockade the Rio Grande • Sectional Attitudes Toward War • North opposes war, fears spread of slavery, Southern control of Congress • South favors war to extend slavery, increase its power in Congress NEXT

  32. SECTION 4 The War Begins • Polk Provokes War • False rumors that MX being egged on British enrages the public • U.S. repeatedly violates Mexico’s territorial rights • Mexican, U.S. soldiers skirmish near Matamoros; 9 Americans killed • Polk sends war message to Congress, withholds facts • Congress approves war, stifles opposition • Kearny Marches West • Polk orders Colonel Stephen Kearny to march to Santa Fe • New Mexico surrenders to U.S. without a fight Continued . . . NEXT

  33. There was great internal division over the war with Mexico. Many in the free states opposed “Mr. Polk’s War”. One of the more vocal dissenters was a young congressman from Illinois named Abraham Lincoln. Can you think of other American wars with a great amount of opposition?

  34. SECTION 4 continuedThe War Begins • The Republic of California • 1830s, 12,000 Mexican settlers in California; 1840s, 500 Americans • John C. Frémont, urged by Polk, proclaims Republic of California in 1846 • The War in Mexico • MX troops 6x Amer. troops; have poor leaders • US=better trained soldiers & tech. advantage • U.S. has many military victories; Invasion of Mexico led by generals Zachary Taylor, Winfield Scott • Polk helps Santa Anna regain power to negotiate peace, but Santa Anna fights U.S. NEXT

  35. SECTION 4 America Gains the Spoils of War • The Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo • Occupation of Mexico City ended the war. • U.S. and Mexico sign Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo in 1848 • -Texas border set at Rio Grande • - Mexico cedes lands from TX to CA for $15 million • - guarantees rights of Mexicans living in territories • War enlarges U.S. territory by about one-third; almost equal in area to all of Europe • Mexican War serves as a battleground for officers who in a decade will fight the Civil War • Taylor’s Election in 1848 • Democrats divided over extension of slavery • Polk decides not to run • Whig nominee, war hero Zachary Taylor easily wins election NEXT

  36. SECTION 4 The California Gold Rush The Rush Begins • Jan, 1848, gold discovered at Sutter’s Mill in CA • Gold rush, or migration of prospectors to California in 1849 • Forty-niners, gold prospectors, come from Asia, South America, Europe Continued . . . NEXT

  37. San Francisco San Francisco’s population grows from 500 to 150,000 in 15 years due to the gold rush. The gold rush did not only lead to just Americans leaving their home and heading to CA. People from all over the world did as well. Above right illustrates Chinese migrants who sailed east digging for gold.

  38. The violence of the gold rush A grim portrayal of violent goldfield life in California critical of the outgoing Polk administration. Mayhem erupts, as prospectors and thieves brawl over the gold being taken from the hills. In the center one man discharges a pistol in the face of miner carrying a large sack of gold. Behind them others fight with knives and fists. One desperate character accosts another, demanding “Bread! Bread! Damn you! Bread.” On the far right is a table where a buckskin-clad man is served by another man who exacts “A pinch of Gold for a drink.” On the left another man, kneeling on the ground, vomits. In the left background rises a mountain with several prospectors hard at work. In the center distance the Capitol and White House are visible. On the “High Road to California,” former President James K. Polk and his cabinet, armed with spades and pickaxes, hurry toward the goldfields. Polk, in the lead, says, “Off Boys to reap the reward of our four years labor.” The California territory was acquired from Mexico during Polk’s administration.

  39. SECTION 4 continued The California Gold Rush • Impact of Gold Fever • San Francisco becomes supply center for miners, major port • Gold Rush Brings Diversity • By 1849, California’s population exceeds 100,000 • Chinese, free blacks, Mexicans migrate in large numbers • Slavery permitted until outlawed by 1849 constitutional convention • California joins Union in 1850 even though half of the state lays south of MO Compromise line NEXT

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