Section 1-1

1. Guide to Reading Main Idea The rise of industry and trade led to the growth of cities. Section 1-1 Key Terms • Industrial Revolution • cotton gin • patent • factory system • interchangeable parts • capitalism • capital • free enterprise • technology Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.

2. Guide to Reading (cont.) Reading Strategy Organizing Information As you read the section, re-create the diagram on page 306 of your textbook and describe in the ovals changes brought about by the Industrial Revolution. Section 1-2 Read to Learn • how the Industrial Revolution began in the United States. • how the United States changed as it became more economically independent. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.

3. American blacksmith, early 1800s woodcut Section 1-4 Click the Speaker buttonto replay the audio.

4. The Growth of Industry • The Industrial Revolution began in the mid-1700s in Britain. • It was a period during which machinery and technology changed how people worked and produced goods. • The Industrial Revolution took hold in the United States in New England around 1800. Section 1-5 • Rivers and streams provided waterpower to run machinery in factories. • New England was near needed resources, such as coal and iron from Pennsylvania, and therefore had an advantage. (pages 306–308) Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.

5. The Growth of Industry (cont.) • New England shipped cotton from the Southern states and sent the finished cloth to markets throughout the nation. Section 1-6 • New England had workers to handle the growth of industry. • Capitalism played a large part in the development of different industries. • People put up capital, or their own money, for a new business in the hopes to make a profit. (pages 306–308) Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.

6. The Growth of Industry (cont.) • With the growth of industry came free enterprise. Section 1-7 • People are free to buy, sell, or produce anything of their choosing as well as work wherever they want. • Competition, profit, private property, and economic freedom are all aspects of free enterprise. (pages 306–308) Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.

9. The Growth of Industry (cont.) • The Industrial Revolution could not have taken place without the invention of new machines and new technology or the scientific discoveries that made work easier. Section 1-8 • Britain created machinery and methods that changed the textile industry with inventions such as the spinning jenny, the water frame, and the power loom. • Most mills were built near rivers because the new machines ran on waterpower. • In 1785 the steam engine provided power for a cotton mill. (pages 306–308) Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.

10. The Growth of Industry (cont.) • In the United States, many new inventions were created. Section 1-9 • In 1793 Eli Whitney invented the cotton gin. • One worker using the machine could clean cotton as fast as 50 people working by hand. • The patent law passed in 1790 protected the rights of people who created inventions. • A patent gives an inventor the sole legal right to the invention and its profits for a certain period of time. (pages 306–308) Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.

12. The Growth of Industry (cont.) Section 1-10 What was the Industrial Revolution? It was a period in history in which the development of machines and technology changed how people worked and produced goods. Inventors in the United States and Europe created machines that sparked the growth of factories and industry, which created economic growth. (pages 306–308) Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.

13. New England Factories • Samuel Slater took over a cotton mill in Pawtucket, Rhode Island, where he was able to copy the design of a machine invented by Richard Arkwright of Britain that spun cotton threads. Section 1-11 • Slater memorized the design while in Britain, came to the United States in 1789, and established Slater’s Mill. • Lowell’s Mill, another textile plant in Waltham, Massachusetts, was established in 1814. (pages 308–309) Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.

14. New England Factories (cont.) • The factory system, or bringing manufacturing steps together under one roof, began here. Section 1-12 • This was an important part of the Industrial Revolution because it changed the way goods were made and increased efficiency. (pages 308–309) Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.

15. New England Factories (cont.) • The technology of making interchangeable parts made it possible to produce many types of goods in large quantities. Section 1-13 • It also reduced the cost of manufacturing goods. (pages 308–309) Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.

17. New England Factories (cont.) Section 1-14 Why was the technology of interchangeable parts so revolutionary to the Industrial Revolution? This technology made it cheaper and faster to produce goods. Parts were made to fit other identical parts on a large scale. This allowed different types of factories to turn out many goods in a short period of time. (pages 308–309) Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.

18. Agriculture Expands • In the 1820s, more than 65 percent of Americans were farmers. • In the Northeast, farms were small and the produce was sold locally. Section 1-15 (page 310) Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.

19. Agriculture Expands (cont.) • In the South, cotton production greatly increased with the development of the textile industry of New England and Europe. Section 1-16 • Enslaved workers planted, tended, and picked the cotton. • With the invention of the cotton gin, cotton could be cleaned faster and cheaper than by hand, so farmers raised larger crops. • Between 1790 and 1820, cotton production increased from 3,000 to 300,000 bales a year. (page 310) Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.

20. Agriculture Expands (cont.) • In the West, farmers north of the Ohio River raised pork and cash crops such as wheat and corn. Section 1-17 • Some Southern farmers also moved west to plant cotton. (page 310) Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.

21. Agriculture Expands (cont.) Section 1-18 How do you think the growth in agriculture affected the country’s population? Possible answer: Because of the increased cotton production and the invention of the cotton gin, the South grew. In the West, the population probably also grew due to the influx of settlers looking for farmland, especially those from the South. In the Northeast, since farms were small, the population was not made up of farmers, but rather town and city dwellers and factory workers. (page 310) Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.

22. Economic Independence • Merchants, shopkeepers, and farmers put some of the money they earned back into their businesses to try to earn larger profits. Section 1-19 • Businesses that needed more money had to borrow it from banks. • The charter for the First Bank of the United States expired in 1811. • In 1816 Congress chartered the Second Bank of the United States. (pages 310–311) Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.

23. Economic Independence (cont.) • It had the power to establish a national currency and to make large loans. • It helped strengthen the economic independence of the nation. Section 1-20 (pages 310–311) Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.

24. Economic Independence (cont.) • Cities and towns grew as a result of the growth of factories and trade. • Many developed along rivers and streams to use the waterpower. • Cities such as New York, Boston, and Baltimore became centers of commerce and trade. • Towns such as Pittsburgh, Cincinnati, and Louisville became profitable from their proximity to major rivers. Section 1-21 (pages 310–311) Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.

25. Economic Independence (cont.) • Cities and towns did not look like those today. • Buildings were wood or brick. • Streets were unpaved. • Animals roamed freely. • Because there were no sewers, the danger of diseases such as cholera and yellow fever grew. • Fires could spread easily and could be disastrous. Section 1-22 (pages 310–311) Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.

26. Economic Independence (cont.) • Cities offered many types of shops, jobs, a steady income, and cultural opportunities. Section 1-23 • Many people left their farms and moved to the cities for the city life. (pages 310–311) Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.

27. Economic Independence (cont.) Section 1-24 Why did cities and towns grow? The Industrial Revolution created factories, and people were needed to work them. Because more products were produced, trade increased and cities and towns became centers of this commerce and trade. Some cities and towns grew because they were near rivers that were used for transport as well as for waterpower to run machinery. Some people left their farms for the opportunity that city life offered. (pages 310–311) Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.

28. Checking for Understanding Define Match the terms on the right with their definitions on the left. __ 1. money for investment __ 2. a document that gives an inventor the sole legal right to an invention for a period of time __ 3. the application of scientific discoveries to practical use __ 4. the change from an agrarian society to one based on industry which began in Great Britain and spread to the United States around 1800 A. Industrial Revolution B. capital C. technology D. cotton gin E. patent B Section 1-25 E C A Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answers.

29. Checking for Understanding Define Match the terms on the right with their definitions on the left. __ 5. a machine that removed seeds from cotton fiber A. Industrial Revolution B. capital C. technology D. cotton gin E. patent D Section 1-26 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.

30. Checking for Understanding Reviewing Facts Describe the reasons New England was ideal for the development of factories. Section 1-27 Poor soil caused people to leave their farms to find work. Rivers provided waterpower to run machinery. Ports provided passage for factory goods, and New England had good proximity to resources. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.

31. Reviewing Themes Economic Factors How did the cotton gin affect cotton production? Section 1-28 It made cleaning quicker and more efficient. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.

32. Critical Thinking Determining Cause and Effect Was new technology necessary for the Industrial Revolution? Explain. Section 1-29 Yes; without technology, production might have continued but only on a small scale. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.

33. Analyzing Visuals Geography Skills Study the map on page 310 of your textbook. What do the cities on the map have in common? Which state had the larger population in 1820–Georgia or Ohio? Section 1-30 They are all coastal cities. Ohio had the larger population. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.

34. Expository Writing Study the map and graphs on page 310 of your textbook. Create a quiz for your classmates based on the information presented. Trade quizzes with a classmate and answer those questions. Section 1-31

35. Guide to Reading Main Idea The huge amount of territory added to the United States during the early 1800s gave the country a large store of natural resources and provided land for more settlers. Section 2-1 Key Terms • census • canal • lock • turnpike Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.

36. Guide to Reading (cont.) Reading Strategy Taking notes As you read the section, re-create the diagram on page 314 of your textbook and describe why each was important to the nation’s growth and development. Section 2-2 Read to Learn • how land and water transportation improved in the early 1800s. • how settlements in the West affected the nation’s economy and politics. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.

37. Pioneer homestead, Smoky Mountains Section 2-4 Click the Speaker buttonto replay the audio.

38. Moving West • In 1790 most of the nearly 4 million people of the United States lived east of the Appalachian Mountains and near the Atlantic coast. Section 2-5 • In 1820 the population had more than doubled to about 10 million with almost 2 million living west of the Appalachian Mountains. • Travel west was difficult. • A pioneer family faced many hardships along the way. (pages 314–317) Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.

39. Moving West (cont.) • Good inland roads were needed. • Private companies built turnpikes, or toll roads. • In 1803, when Ohio became a state, it asked the federal government to build a road to connect it to the East. • Congress approved a National Road to the West in 1806, but because of the War of 1812, roadwork stopped. • The first section from Maryland to western Virginia opened in 1818, and years later it reached Ohio and then on to Illinois. Section 2-6 (pages 314–317) Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.

40. Moving West (cont.) • Some people traveled along the rivers, loading all their belongings onto barges. • Travel was more comfortable by boat than on bumpy roads. • Water transportation, however, also posed some difficulties. Section 2-7 • Traveling upstream, against the flow of the current, was slow and difficult. • Most major rivers flow in a north-south, not east-west direction. (pages 314–317) Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.

41. Moving West (cont.) • Steamboats provided a faster means of river travel. • In 1807 Robert Fulton built the Clermont, a steamboat with a newly designed and powerful engine. • The 150-mile trip from New York to Albany was shortened from 4 days to 32 hours. • Steamboats improved the transport of people and goods. • Shipping became cheaper and faster. Section 2-8 (pages 314–317) Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.

43. Moving West (cont.) Section 2-10 Compare and contrast the ways people traveled west. Which was the fastest? The most direct? The most difficult? People traveled by horse-drawn wagons on roads, barges along the river, and, after 1807, steamboats. The steamboat was fastest but also more costly; river travel was more comfortable, faster, and easier than roads, but only when going downstream; and road travel was slow, bumpy, and difficult, but direct. (pages 314–317) Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.

44. Canals • Traveling the existing river system would not tie the East with the West, so a New York business and government group planned to link New York City with the Great Lakes region by building a canal. Section 2-11 • This artificial waterway across New York State would connect Albany on the Hudson River with Buffalo on Lake Erie. (pages 317–318) Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.

45. Maps and Charts 4

46. Canals (cont.) • The 363-mile canal, called the Erie Canal, was built by thousands of workers. • A series of locks to raise and lower ships to different water levels was used to move ships along the canal where water levels changed. Section 2-12 (pages 317–318) Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.

47. Canals (cont.) • Early on, steamboats could not use the canal because their powerful engines might damage the embankments. Section 2-13 • Teams of mules and horses on the shore pulled the boats and barges. • In the 1840s, the canal’s banks were reinforced to accommodate steam tugboats. (pages 317–318) Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.

48. Canals (cont.) • As a result of the success of the Erie Canal, by 1850 the United States had more than 3,600 miles of canals. Section 2-14 • They lowered shipping costs and brought growth and prosperity to towns along their routes. • These canals also helped unite the country, tying the East and West together. (pages 317–318) Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.