中国实施扶贫移民经验介绍 Introduction to The Experience of Helping The Poor by Immigrating in China

1. 主讲人：朱启臻 Professor Zhu Qizhen 中国农业大学 China Agricultural University 中国实施扶贫移民经验介绍Introduction to The Experience of Helping The Poor by Immigrating in China

2. Synopsis (提 纲 ) • China Poor Population Distributing and Feature • China Helping The Poor by Immigrant process • Immigrant moving and settling Types • Immigrant moving Experience • Further-Considering the development of immigrant and helping the poor • Conclusion &Suggestion

3. Ⅰ.China Poor Population Distribution and Feature (中国贫困人口分布与特征)

4. 1.The number of China poor population (中国贫困人口数量) 1978:260 millions 1994: 80millions 2000:30millions 2001:29.70 millions 2002:28.20 millions 2003： 29.00 millions 2004： 26.10 millions

5. 2.Poor Population Distribution (贫困人口的分布) Western Region A mountainous and poor nature area Minority Region

6. 3.Features of the poor area (贫困地区的特征) • Poor natural condition • Resource shortage, infrastructure weakness. • Social service level disadvantage • Infrastructure weakness • Frequency geology disaster

7. 自然条件恶劣Poor natural condition The poor areas mostly lie in northwest and southwest, appearing massiveness splinter shaped, distributing on plain, mountain, hills, desert, karst topography, and so on.

8. 资源缺乏，基础设施薄弱Resource shortage, infrastructure weakness • lack of earth • lack of water • lack of resources no plant on the mountains, no mines under the earth • traffic obstruction, walk difficulty The areas in the west occupy more than 2/3,but the railway no more than 1/4 of all the country

9. 社会服务水平低Social service level disadvantage .population increasingexceedingly fast .culture and education dropping behind . Hygiene and health care getting behind

10. 基础设施差Infrastructure weakness .Agricultural production conditions is worse .Financial revenue is lower .Public input is very deficient

11. 地质灾害频发区Frequency geology disaster . Places where landslide,solifluction flow and other natural disasters happened frequently, threaten the safety of the people' lives and property badly

12. Example Ⅰ(实例1) Qing Hai (青海) The poor population is mostly in a coldest pasturing area, an altitude 4000m and in the dry area.

13. Example Ⅱ (实例2 ) Jiang Xi (江西) The poor population is mostly in the further mountain area, which at a high altitude. It is far from the town. It doesn’t have electricity, road, telephone and TV. There is not many education and medical Service. The field is small, the plough skill is poor.

14. Ⅱ.China Helping The Poor by Immigrant process (中国扶贫移民的历程) The only way to reduce the pressure of population, shake off poverty, restrain destruction of nature resource is immigrant strategy.

15. Comparison of characteristics of two kinds of population (两类不同的人口迁移特点比较) FeatureForce to move Offer to move moving reason force to move offer to move moving purpose avoid disaster/give up resource better life/ good situation moving wayfamily /community individual /family frequencysuddenly/occasionallychoice freely number more less the character no choice choice actively influence demolition or rebuild no influence Settle/reestablish no plan /difficulty definite target/arrange

16. 1.Immigrating for improving the poor (作为扶贫手段的移民) .Successful Example: Shan Xi, Gan Su Province .The reason of immigrant: lack of farmland, water and resource; traffic obstacle. . The meeting in 1999 for helping the poor: immigrant is the important way to help the poor people in the countryside to get rid of poverty. . Farmland resource for countryside immigrant: plough barren field and mountain to get new farmland; national farm, forestry centre. . The confronted difficulty: need a large amount invest exploitation fund; social system rules obstacle; lack of knowledge and skills.

17. 移民作为扶贫手段的起源Immigrant for improving the poor People in Gansu fleed to other place because of drought in 1982 Three Xi：Dingxi is the representative of the middle drought regions Hexi regions Xihangu regions in Ningxia province There are 47 counties,12 millions people, occupy 380 thousands square kilometers Precipitation 200-300 millimeter, evaporation 1900 millimeter Over 70% peasants can’t dress warmly and ear one's fill

18. .The central government set up special fund(200millions,10years) .The first meeting was convened by the leading group of “three xi” agricultural construction projects. .Putting forward:" by waterway where there is water, by overland route where there is no water, seek other ways where there is neither water nor earth.” .Putting forward:" move in one year, reside in two years, make dress warmly and ear one's fill in three years, become rich in four or five years.” .Beginning to immigrate in 1983(regarded as organized by China government), having installed 450 thousands people by 1993. .There are 630 thousands people immigrated from the poorest areas to the ayacut in the end of 1998

19. 2.The development of helping the poor by immigrating (移民扶贫的发展) ．Guangxi,1993-1998,had settled 200 thousands poor people from 22 stone mountains counties in more than 200 sites. . Guangdong, Hubei, Shanxi, Jilin, Shanxi have made plans and implemented for helping the poor. . Gansu, Ningxia, Guangxi, Guangdong, Shanxi, Hubei have moved 2.244 millions poor people.

20. 3.The result of helping the poor by immigrating (移民扶贫政策实施效果) .Qinghai • 2001-2005,Qinghai has implemented 15 immigrant projects. It has settled 10593 families,51444 people, developed 514.1thousands area; planted the trees 150thousands area. • Jiangxi • In 2003,has moved 123000 people; in 2004 has moved 41267 people

21. 4.The institution of organizing immigrating(组织移民的机构) .Leading Organization : Responsible for plan, organization .Implemented Organization : Made a plan for projects; organized branches made the plan for settle, coordinated relationship between counties .Responsible for arrangement, plan, invest, finance and management, consult service for immigrant plan, scheme, and budget.

22. Ⅲ.Process of Immigrating (移民过程)

23. The way of immigrating( 移民方式: ) individual immigrant Grouped immigrant Settling without distributed field building up the base for immigrant

24. Chose place for immigrating (迁入地选择) • Guaranteed the field for immigrant • Sufficient planning houses and living area for immigrant • Build water and electricity power service easily and need less investing fund • Convenient traffic and good exploiting potential

25. Principle of moving out (迁出地的基本标准) • Poor Natural condition and lack of farmland Resource • Traffic obstacle and Utmost poor in life • The cold and starving living condition needed to be solved

26. Choosing standard of immigrant (移民的选择确定标准) • Considering resource, poor degree, free will, and immigrant ability of work.

27. Preparation for immigrant(迁入地接受移民的准备) ．According to the whole project arrangement, every family will have a field for the further development. Build the basic service system such as water, electricity, road, school, and medical center and so on by organization so as to solve the problems such as medical service and education system.

28. Adjust the benefits with the local people(与当地人的利益调整) • The field provided by the local people is needed to pay. Both side consult with each other and make the contract including expired date, amount, price. According to the contract to pay the local people land using fee and producing maintaining fee.

29. The evaluative standard of helping the poor by immigrating(扶贫移民项目评价标准) • Economy: agriculture output in immigrant area, the project’s continuance • Reduced the poor: Income Raising, Assets Forming, and Job Opportunity • Society: Immigrants’ spirit is changing, autonomy community forming, job and training opportunity for women, traditional culture continuance, sample effect of immigrant to their homeland. • Natural resource: nature changes in the poor area and relocated area

30. The result of voluntary immigrant(自愿性移民的效果) • The immigrant improved life and work after moving out. • Reduce the pressure on the poor nature areas • Provided communication with the poor people who live in the closed regions, advantaged for them to accept the new skills, new concepts.

31. Ⅳ.Experience of immigrant moving (移民搬迁的经验)

32. Governmentrecognition & inputs(政府重视与投入) • Setting up state department poverty alleviation office, directing poverty alleviation work of all the country • 1994:practise exploitation immigration to a few villages and rural households that are in deep poverty • 1996:to those minority poorest villages,practise exploitation immigration according to their wills

33. China rural poverty alleviation program(2001-2010): Those minority people whose living conditions are very bad, lack of natural resources, should be immigrated combined returning land for farming to forestry and grass

34. 2001-2004年扶贫资金投入情况Poverty alleviation fund

35. 以工代赈和财政发展资金(万元)relieving by working &financial development funds(10thousands Yuan)

36. 政府的作用roles of the government Places where to move out, move in, who will be immigrated, allocation modes decided by the government • groups support • policies support • funds support

37. 2.Motivating and Organizing (动员与组织) • Options of developable area • Development plan (industry choices, use of land, community plan) • Combining land • Immigrant object confirmation • Implementing immigration and development (within 3 years)

38. 3. Free will and villagers’ participation (自愿与村民参与) • Two advantages of volunteer principle: strengthen immigrants’ psychological adjustment, Reduce assistant from government • Whole process of development from immigrants associated with villagers. • Two advantages of association: adjusting initiatives, alter of attitude positively affects the implementation of the plan.

39. 4.Improvementofvillage as a Whole (整村推进) • Collecting and arranging fund as a whole. • Developing electricity, Water, road and other service at the same time. • Jiangxi: confirmed 1200 critical villages. Ensure every village to have a fund of 500 thousand RMB Yuan to help the poor. Mainly to reconstruct basic facilities such as repairing the roads and bridges, leading villagers to make their own plans and decisions. Improve the village organization’s consciousness of decision and developing ability.

40. Qing Hai • To combine all kinds of helping poverty resources centralized their power. Aimed on those 2453 confirmed critical poor villages to implement integrated reforming plan, matched construction plan step by step and entirely • To improve natural environment, manufacturing conditions and living standards of poverty regions. To gradually realize the goal of solving starving situation. In order to use those industry-developing fund and social fund, to inhere to the principal that those villages are primarily concerned.

41. 5.Diversification of immigrants (多样化移民) • whole village moving. • distributed immigrants • enterprise immigrants • urban immigrants • liberty immigrants

42. Ⅴ. Re-think helping the poor by Immigrating in China (对移民扶贫开发的反思)

43. 1.The traditional agricultural ideas (传统农业思维) • Strengthening local opinion to stay one place • Strengthening traditional economical system • Intensifying contradiction between human and nature

44. 2.Simple idea from experience (直线经验思维) • Be rich by agriculture • Be rich by agriculture industrialization • Invested the poor • Immigrant except the richest and the poorest

45. 3.The traditional way of planning(传统计划思维) • Imposed investment, ignored the spirit • Imposed the fund from outside regions • Depended on the government

46. 4、Closed ideas (封闭孤立的思维) • Try to solve the problem in the closed region • Solved the problem individually, no co-operation.

47. The end Thanks