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Childbirth and Contraception

Childbirth and Contraception. Campbell pages 992-995. So, 9 months later …. During pregnancy, progesterone inhibits the secretion of oxytocin (hormone) by the pituitary gland Remember, we want high levels of progesterone to maintain pregnancy

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Childbirth and Contraception

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  1. Childbirth and Contraception Campbell pages 992-995

  2. So, 9 months later … • During pregnancy, progesterone inhibits the secretion of oxytocin (hormone) by the pituitary gland • Remember, we want high levels of progesterone to maintain pregnancy • At the end of pregnancy, hormones send signals to the placenta to stop secreting progesterone

  3. (Cont.) • Estrogen reaches its highest level at the end of pregnancy • Triggers the formation of oxytocin receptors on the uterus • Oxytocin • Produced by the fetus and the mother’s pituitary gland • Stimulates contractions of the uterus • Stimulate the placenta to secrete prostiglandins, which enhance the contractions • Positive feedback mechanism (more hormones are released)

  4. My water just broke … now what? • The contractions cause the amniotic sac to burst (amniotic fluids are released) • Amniotic sac supports and protects the fetus • 3 phases of birth: • 1. opening up and dilation of the cervix • 2. delivery of the baby • The umbilical cord is cut and clamped • 3. delivery of the placenta

  5. Breast Feeding • The decrease in progesterone allow for the secretion of prolactin • Prolactin stimulates milk production after a delay of ~2-3 days • The release of milk if controlled by oxytocin

  6. So now that I know how to get pregnant, how can I prevent it? • Contraception: deliberate prevention of pregnancy • Methods: • 1. Abstinence • 2. Rhythm method • No sex days before or after ovulation • Monitor changes in cervical mucus and body temperature • Also used to increase chance of pregnancy

  7. More methods • 3. Condom • Used by male • Latex; fits over erect penis to collect semen • Spermicidal foam or jelly • 4. Diaphragm • Dome shaped rubber cap fitted into the upper portion of the vagina • Spermicidal foam or jelly

  8. More methods • 5. IUD • Intrauterine device • Fit into the uterine cavity • Prevent implantation of the blastocyst • Harmful effects (bleeding, infection, tubal pregnancy • 6. Pulling out • Man “pulls out” before ejaculation • Unreliable

  9. More methods • 7. Birth Control Pill • Combinations of estrogen and progesterone • Stop the release of LH and FSH • Blocking LH prevents ovulation • Blocking FSH prevents the follicle from forming • High levels of estrogen causes the uterine lining to thicken, so a female still gets her period • Highly effective; safety is debated • Blood clots, heart attacks; smoking increases these risks • 8. Sterilization • Vasectomy (vas deferens is cut) • Tubal ligation (oviducts are cut)

  10. Safe sex • Condoms are the only form of contraception that offer protection from STD (STI) and HIV/AIDS

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