PSY 245: Drugs and Behavior M-Th- 2:45pm-4:50pm

1. PSY 245: Drugs and BehaviorM-Th- 2:45pm-4:50pm Dr. Robert Hakan S&BS 105H Office Hours:M-Th@ 9:15-10am E-mail: Hakanr@uncw.edu Web: http://people.uncw.edu/hakanr/index.html

2. Drugs and BehaviorGeneral Issues

3. WHAT ARE DRUGS?

4. Drug – A Definition • A chemical or mixture of chemicals that alters biological function when administered

5. Psychoactive drugs (also known as psychotropic drugs) • Drugs that influence psychological processes • mood • emotion • perception • cognition • behavior • Psychoactive drugs produce their effects by exerting direct action on the brain

6. The Science of Drugs • Pharmacology – The scientific study of drugs and drug action • Psychopharmacology – The subfield of pharmacology concerning the effects of drugs on behavior, emotion, and cognition

7. History of drug use and abuse • Early drug use

8. Drugs Are Old Drugs have been around since the dawn of time… probably

9. Coming on the Scene • Alcohol as early as 6400 years BC • (Middle East-beer and huckleberry wine) • Opium 5000 BC (mesopotamia) “Joy plant” • Cannabis 3000 years BC (India/China-tea) • Coca 3000 BC (south America- chewing coca leaves) • Tobacco 100 BC (Mexico) • Use Spread mainly by explorers, trade or wars.

10. History of drug use and abuse in the U.S. • Before the 1800s, drug use was generally unregulated • Patent medicines

11. Early Use of Opiates in the U.S. • Dover’s Powder (Thomas Dover) -introduced to U.S. in 1709. • For treatment of disease • Started a trend?..many other patent medicines were marketed • Widely available at grocery stores, by mail etc..as well as by physicians prescription.

12. Patent Medicines-cocaine

13. Patent Medicines-unregulated use of psychoactive substances in the 1800’s • Laudnum • Godfrey’s Cordial • Mrs. Wilson’s Soothing Syrup • Dr. Bruess’ Powerful Penetrating Peerless Remedy • Ayers Cherry Pectoral • McMunn’s Elixir • And many others All contained significant amounts of opium, morphine and other psychoactive substances…

14. Chinese immigrants and Opium Dens • Opium addiction in China was very high due to British trade and advocation of opium use in China • Chinese immigrants were brought to U.S. most commonly to work on railroad construction • Many migrated back to San Fransisco and established Opium Dens..introducing opium smoking to the U.S.

15. Opium Dens were demonized relatively early..places where all sorts of depravity occurred and where innocent people (women) were lead toward a life of sin

16. Post Civil War: Soldier’s disease • ( morphine addiction)

17. Early Use of Cannabis Sativa (Marijuana) in the U.S. • Imported from Europe by early settlers. Mostly used for its’ material properties. • 1800s- Physicians used Extracts of the Sativa plant as an all purpose medicine. • Recreational use appears to have developed only much later (1920’s) probably as a reaction to prohibition of alcohol. • Minor use in the 1930s-1950s until demonizing propaganda in the 50s and 60’s produced an unintended soar in popularity of its’ nonmedical use

18. Patent medicines-heroin

19. ??

20. Problems with Patent medicines • They were not patented..contents were not described but were considered proprietary information • Increasing concerns about Addictions and side-effects.

21. Problems with Patent Medicines cont’ • Samuel M. Kier’s “Rock Oil” – marketed petroleum as a cure all! • Upton Sinclairs’ “The Jungle.” • Lived for 7 weeks in stockyard meatpacking district of Chicago and published an expose. • Meat contamination was horrifying

22. A Brief History of U.S. Drug Laws • 1906 Pure Food and Drug Act

23. The Evolution of Drug Laws • 1906 Pure Food and Drug Act • 1914 Harrison Act • Made non-medical use of opiates and cocaine a crime • Did not generally apply to patent medicines! • Erroneously Included cocaine as a narcotic • Did initiate opening of treatment centers

27. The Evolution of Drug Laws • 1906 Pure Food and Drug Act • 1914 Harrison Act • 1920 Prohibition Amendment • Over the period consumption dropped on average to 1.6 gal/year per capita.

29. Was Prohibition Successful? Perhaps initially, but the effect was short lived. Other problems also emerged.

30. An interesting parallel

31. Clear drop in number of cirrhosis deaths during prohibition

32. Change in consumption of distilled liquor There was a shift from beer to hard liquors.

33. Effectiveness of “Prohibition?” Prohibition is a likely factor in the increased crime of this era.

34. commercial trade in marijuana for recreational use sprang up • New York City, where marijuana "tea pads" were established about 1920. They resembled opium dens or speakeasies except that prices were very low; a man could get high for a quarter

35. The Evolution of Drug Laws • 1906 Pure Food and Drug Act • 1914 Harrison Act • 1920 Prohibition Amendment • Prohibition repealed by the 21st amendment in 1933

36. The Evolution of Drug Laws • 1906 Pure Food and Drug Act • 1914 Harrison Act • 1920 Prohibition Amendment • 1937 Marijuana Tax Act

37. In 1926 the  New Orleans Item and  Morning Tribune, two newspapers under common ownership, published highly sensational exposés of the "menace" of marijuana. 2 They reported that it was coming into New Orleans from Havana, Tampico, and Vera Cruz in large quantities, plus smaller amounts from Texas. • Mr. Eugene Stanley, at that time District Attorney, declared that many of the crimes in New Orleans and the South were thus committed by criminals who relied on the drug to give them a false courage and freedom from restraint. Dr. George Roeling, Coroner, reported that of 450 prisoners investigated, 125 were confirmed users of marihuana. Mr. W. B. Graham, State Narcotic Officer, declared in 1936 that 60 percent of the crimes committed in New Orleans were by marihuana users." 9

38. ?

42. The Evolution of Drug Laws • 1906 Pure Food and Drug Act • 1914 Harrison Act • 1920 Prohibition Amendment • 1937 Marijuana Tax Act • 1965 Drug Abuse Control Amendment

43. 1965 law controls: • “Any substance having potential for abuse because of stimulant, depressant or hallucinogenic effects”

44. The Evolution of Drug Laws • 1906 Pure Food and Drug Act • 1914 Harrison Act • 1920 Prohibition Amendment • 1965 Drug Abuse Control Amendment • 1970 Controlled Substances Act

45. Schedule of Controlled Substances • Current schedule system has 5 schedules based on: • Safety • Medical use • Abuse potential

46. Schedule I • Includes heroin, LSD, marijuana, MDMA • The drug or other substance has a high potential for abuse. • The drug or other substance has no currently accepted medical use in treatment in the United States. • There is a lack of accepted safety for use of the drug or other substance under medical supervision.

47. Schedule II • Includes morphine, cocaine, Ritalin, amphetamine, methamphetamine, OxyContin • The drug or other substance has a high potential for abuse. • The drug or other substance has a currently accepted medical use in treatment in the United States or a currently accepted medical use with severe restrictions. • Abuse of the drug or other substance may lead to severe psychological or physical dependence.

48. Schedule III • Includes anabolic steroids and Marinol. • The drug or other substance has a potential for abuse less than the drugs or other substances in Schedules I and II. • The drug or other substance has a currently accepted medical use in treatment in the United States. • Abuse of the drug or other substance may lead to moderate or low physical dependence or high psychological dependence.

49. Schedule IV • Includes most benzodiazepines (Valium, Xanax, Ativan) and prescription sleep aids • The drug or other substance has a low potential for abuse relative to the drugs or other substances in Schedule III. • The drug or other substance has a currently accepted medical use in treatment in the United States. • Abuse of the drug or other substance may lead to limited physical dependence or psychological dependence relative to the drugs or other substances in Schedule III.

50. Schedule V • Includes codeine-containing cough medicines and some antidiarrheals. • The drug or other substance has a low potential for abuse relative to the drugs or other substances in Schedule IV. • The drug or other substance has a currently accepted medical use in treatment in the United States. • Abuse of the drug or other substance may lead to limited physical dependence or psychological dependence relative to the drugs or other substances in Schedule IV.