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Chapter 2

Chapter 2. Early Societies in Southwest Asia and the Indo-European Migrations. Civilization Defined. Urban Political/military system Social stratification Economic specialization Religion Communications. What does it mean to live in a city?. What does it mean to live in a city?.

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Chapter 2

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  1. Chapter 2 Early Societies in Southwest Asia and the Indo-European Migrations

  2. Civilization Defined • Urban • Political/military system • Social stratification • Economic specialization • Religion • Communications

  3. What does it mean to live in a city?

  4. What does it mean to live in a city? • You don’t grow food.

  5. What does it mean to live in a city? • You don’t grow food. • There is a need for order.

  6. What does it mean to live in a city? • You don’t grow food. • There is a need for order. • Specialized labor means more intricate social structure.

  7. What does it mean to live in a city? • You don’t grow food. • There is a need for order. • Specialized labor means more intricate social structure. • Economic transactions brings a need for a record-keeping system (writing systems).

  8. What does it mean to live in a city? • You don’t grow food. • There is a need for order. • Specialized labor means more intricate social structure. • Economic transactions brings a need for a record-keeping system (writing systems). • Trade

  9. Mesopotamian Empires1800-600 BCE

  10. Technological Development in Mesopotamia • Bronze (copper with tin), c. 4000 BCE • Military, agricultural applications • Iron, c. 1000 BCE • Cheaper than bronze • Wheel, boats, c. 3500 BCE • Shipbuilding increases trade networks

  11. Uses for Writing • Trade • Astronomy • Mathematics • Agricultural applications • Calculation of time • 12-month year • 24-hour day, 60-minute hour

  12. The Early Hebrews • Patriarchs and Matriarchs from Babylon, c. 1850 BCE • Parallels between early biblical texts, Code of Hammurabi • Early settlement of Canaan (Israel), c. 1300 BCE • Biblical text: slavery in Egypt, divine redemption • On-going conflict with indigenous populations under King David (1000-970 BCE) and Solomon (970-930 BCE)

  13. Moses and Monotheism • Hebrews shared polytheistic beliefs of other Mesopotamian civilizations • Moses introduces monotheism, belief in single god • Denies existence of competing parallel deities • Personal god: reward and punishment for conformity with revealed law • The Torah (“the teaching”)

  14. Foreign conquests of Israel • Civil war • Northern tribes: Israel • Southern: Judah • Assyrian conquest, 722 BCE • Exiles Israel: ten lost tribes • Babylonian conquest, 586 BCE • Additional exile of many residents of Judah • Returned later than century

  15. Israel and Phoenicia, 1500-600 BCE

  16. The Phoenicians • City-states along Mediterranean coast after 3000 BCE • Extensive maritime trade • Dominated Mediterranean trade, 1200-800 BCE • Development of alphabet symbols • Simpler alternative to cuneiform • Spread of literacy

  17. Indo-European Migrations • Common roots of many languages of Europe, southwest Asia, India • Implies influence of a single Indo-European people • Probable original homeland: contemporary Ukraine and Russia, 4500-2500 BCE • Domestication of horses, use of Sumerian weaponry allowed them to spread widely

  18. The Indo-European Migrations

  19. Implications of Indo-European Migration • Hittities migrate to central Anatolia, c. 1900 BCE, later dominate Babylonia • Influence on trade • Horses, chariots with spoked wheels, use of Iron • Iron • Migrations to western China, Greece, Italy also significant • Influence on language and culture • Aryo, “noble, lord” • Aryan, Iranian, Irish • Caste system in India

  20. Origins and Spread of Agriculture

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