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The Respiratory system

The Respiratory system. Functions. Works closely with circulatory system, exchanging gases between air and blood: Takes up oxygen from air and supplies it to blood (for cellular respiration). Removal and disposal of carbon dioxide from blood (waste product from cellular respiration).

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The Respiratory system

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  1. The Respiratory system

  2. Functions • Works closely with circulatory system, exchanging gases between air and blood: • Takes up oxygen from air and supplies it to blood (for cellular respiration). • Removal and disposal of carbon dioxide from blood (waste product from cellular respiration). Homeostatic Role: • Regulates blood pH. • Regulates blood oxygen and carbon dioxide levels.

  3. External Respiration • Ventilation • exchange of air between lungs and atmosphere • Gas Exchange in pulmonary capillaries • Breathing largely involuntary activity

  4. Internal Respiration • All cells require oxygen for metabolism • All cells require means to remove carbon dioxide • Gas exchange at cellular level

  5. Structures of Respiratory System • upper respiratory tract • nose, mouth, pharynx, epiglottis, larynx and trachea • lower respiratory tract • bronchial tree and lungs

  6. Nose • nasal cavity • nasal septum • mucous membrane • mucus • cilia • olfactory receptors

  7. Pharynx • Nasopharynx • Posterior to the nose • Contains adenoids or pharyngeal tonsils • Oropharynx • Posterior to the mouth • Palatine tonsils • Laryngopharynx • Superior to the larynx

  8. Epiglottis • Oropharynx and laryngopharynx serve as a common passageway for both food and air • Epiglottis acts as a lid or flap that covers the larynx and trachea (airway) so food does not enter the lungs.

  9. Larynx • Also known as the voice box • Glottis (vocal apparatus) • vocal bands or vocal cords

  10. Trachea • Windpipe or airway • Mucous membrane lining with cilia • Smooth muscle with c-shaped cartilage rings • divides into two branches: • Right bronchi • Left bronchi

  11. Bronchi • Bronchus, singular • C-shaped cartilage rings with smooth muscle • Each bronchi divides into bronchioles • Terminate in air sacs called alveoli

  12. Alveoli • Resembles a small balloon as it expands and contracts with the flow of air • CO2 diffuses from the blood in the capillaries, enters the alveoli, and is exhaled • On inspiration, O2 diffuses from the alveoli to enter the capillaries

  13. Thoracic Cavity • thoracic • thorax • mediastinum • heart • aorta • esophagus • bronchi • thymus

  14. Lungs Right-3 lobes Left-2 lobes trachea

  15. Pleura • each lung enclosed in pleura • parietal pleura (inner) • visceral pleura (outer) • pleural space or pleural cavity • lubricating fluid

  16. Diaphragm • muscle separating chest and abdomen • inspiration,diaphragm contracts and increases thoracic space • air flows in • expiration, diaphragm relaxes and decreases thoracic space • air flows out • phrenic nerve

  17. Respiration • external respiration - exchange of gases in lungs • internal respiration - exchange of gases within cells of the body organs and tissues • ventilation - movement of air

  18. PathologyBreathing Disorders • Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary DiseaseCOPD (COLD) • Dyspnea • Bradypnea • Tachypnea

  19. COPD • Asthma • bronchospasms, parosysmal, productive cough, • mucolytics, bronchodilators • Chronic Bronchitis • mucosal swelling, productive cough, chest pain • expectorants, bronchodilators, steroids • Emphysema • barrel-chest, dyspnea, orthopnea

  20. Influenza • Acute infectious respiratory disease • Viral • Fever, chills, headache, myalgia, anorexia • Avoid aspirin in children

  21. Pleural Effusions • Excess fluid in pleural cavity • associated with congestive heart failure, ascites, infectious lung diseases, trauma • diagnosis • auscultation, percussion • Empyema, hydrothorax, hemothorax, pnrumothorax, pyopneumothorax • thoracentesis

  22. Tuberculosis • Infectious, highly communicable disease • aerosol transmission • primary tuberculosis, tubercles • immunocompromised • effects other organ systems • drug resistant strains

  23. Bronchopneumonia • Inflammatory disease of lungs • lobar, bilateral • hemoptyisis • consolidation • Pneumocystis carinii • lavage

  24. Cystic Fibrosis • Hereditary disorder, affects exocrine glands • systemic involvement • lungs, pancreas, digestive tract • Viscous mucus blocks bronchioles • Gas exchange impaired

  25. Respiratory Distress Syndrome • Surfactant • decreases the surface tension of the alveoli • needed for alveoli to fill with air and expand (compliance) • Infant respiratory distress syndrome (hyaline membrane disease) • Adult respiratory distress syndrome

  26. Oncology • Primary Pulmonary Cancer • Smoking is leading cause of ALL TYPES OF LUNG CANCERS • common site: epithelium of bronchi • bronchogenic carcinoma • masses form and block air passages • metastasizes frequently to lymph noes, liver, bones, brain, or kidney

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