Chapter 23 A New Deal

1. Chapter 23A New Deal What was FDR offering to the people? What would you want?

2. Election of 1932 • Republican (Blue)- Herbert Hoover • Blamed for the Depression • Democrat (Red)– Franklin Delano Roosevelt • Had a “can-do” attitude

3. FDR’s Takes Over • March 1933, 20th amendment was passed which changed the inauguration to January – This did not apply to the 1932 election though • FDR picked advisers- The Brain Trust- professors, lawyers, bankers, journalists • Focused on the 3 R’s – • Relief for the needy • Recovery of businesses • Reform of finances

4. First Hundred Days • March 9-June 16, 1933 • A democratic Congress passed 15 major laws • March 5- FDR declared bank holiday-closed all banks • Emergency Banking Relief Act passed • Treasury Department inspected banks

5. Fireside Chats • March 12, 1933 FDR explained the problems with the banking system and what had to be done • “We have provided the machinery to restore our financial system, and it is up to you to support and make it work”

6. New Deal Programs • Banking laws • Glass- Steagall Act-1933-established FDIC insuring deposits to $5000 • Federal Securities Act- 1933 required corporations to provide information on stock offerings • Securities and Exchange Commission –regulates stock market against rigging stock prices Rural aid • Agricultural Adjustment Act (AAA)- paid farmers to leave some land unseeded to raise prices • Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA)- built dams, provided flood control, created hydroelectric plants in Tennessee Valley area

7. New Deal Programs • Work programs • Civilian Conservation Corps(CCC)-jobs for men 18 -25 , $25 sent home to families, gave men food, shelter, clothes in return they reforested areas, built trails, built small dams, cleared areas • National Recovery Act (NIRA) – • Created the Public works administration (PWA) • provided money to states to construct schools, and community buildings • Later Civil Works Administration created • Built more schools and paid teachers • Built roads

9. More of the Alphabet Soup Period • National Recovery Administration- • Created by NIRA • Set prices on products • Ensured fair competition • Established standards for working hours • Home Owners Loan Corporation • Low cost loans from government • Federal Housing Administration • Furnishes loans for mortgages and repairs • Federal Emergency Relief Administration • Headed by Harry Hopkins • $500 million to provide direct relief for needy- some was for food, the rest was for work relief programs- jobs

10. How Do We Pay For This???? • Deficit Spending- government spends more money than it takes in • John Maynard Keynes, English economist, felt it was necessary to get out of a depression • Problems • Creates inflation, difficult to repay, affects cost of living

11. Criticisms of New Deal • Liberals • Did not help enough people • Women and minorities not included in all bills • All parts of country not helped • Conservatives • Too much direct relief • Too much federal government influence in business • New Deal interfered in the free-market economy

12. The Supreme Court and the New Deal • 1935-NIRA under attack • Declared unconstitutional because law gave legislative powers to executive branch • Executive branch enforced industrial codes which should be state laws • 1936- AAA under attack • Declared unconstitutional because money was used for a small segment of people • Felt regulation should be state/local not federal

13. FDR and Court Packing

14. FDR’s proposal • FDR wanted to add 6 new justices • Proposed reform bill to add justices • Would raise number to 15 • Would add liberal justices who would favor New Deal • Never passed • 7 justices did leave, however

15. New Deal Critics • American Liberty League • Strong conservatives • Believed New Deal violated individual rights • Believed it did not respect property of individuals • Felt FDR betrayed the wealthy

16. New Deal Critics • Father Charles Coughlin • Radio Priest , Roman Catholic • Favored annual income for everyone • Wanted nationalization of banks • Anti-Semitic- blamed Jews for problems • Catholic church took him off the air

17. New Deal Critics • Dr. Francis Townshend • Felt FDR did not do enough to help elderly and poor • Devised monthly pension plan for elderly • $200 per month • Had to be spent in one month • Precursor to Social Security System

18. New Deal Critics • Senator Huey Long - Kingfish • From Louisiana • Proposed a Share Our Wealth program • Wanted guaranteed income of $5000 for everyone • Promised old age pensions • Wanted to run for election in 1936 • Assassinated by Dr. Carl Weiss on steps of Louisiana’s state house • Conspiracy theory that FDR had him killed

19. Eleanor Roosevelt

20. Section 2 Second New Deal Laws of First New Deal did not help enough people unemployment was high production was low FDR’s popularity was high, however Eleanor Roosevelt saw problems that needed reform wanted women to be in government positions wanted more social welfare programs

21. Election of 1936 • Republicans want Alfred Landon, governor of Kansas • Democrats want FDR.

22. Helping Farmers New laws passed 1936 Soil Conservation and Domestic Allotment Act paid farmers for cutting production of soil depleting crops 1938 Second AAA passed attempted to help sharecroppers, migrant workers and poor farmers provided loans to small farmers to buy land Farm Security Administration helped tenant farmers become landowners hired photographers like Dorothea Lange to take pictures of rural areas

23. Dorothea Lange’s View of the Farmer’s Plight

24. Second New Deal • Works Progress Administration WPA • Headed by Harry Hopkins • Designed to create as many jobs as possible • Built airports, new roads, libraries, theaters, hospitals • Women sewed garments for the needy • Artists hired to paint murals, dance, write plays, entertain in theaters

26. More New Deals • National Youth Administration • Provide education, jobs, counseling, job training and recreation • Provided aid for high school and college • Students had to work part time jobs

27. Labor Help • National Labor Relations Act 1935 • Known as Wagner Act • Reestablished the NIRA idea of collective bargaining • Protected the rights of workers to join unions • Prohibited firing of union members • National Labor Relations Board • Set up by the act • Heard cases on unfair practices • Held elections to see if workers wanted unions • Fair Labor Standards Act 1938 • Set maximum of 44 hour/week, later 40 hour/week • Minimum wage 25 cents later 45 cents in 1945 • Set rules for those under 16 • Banned those under 18 from hazardous work

28. Social Security • Established 1935 • Created by Secretary of Labor Frances Perkins, first female cabinet member • Three Parts • Old age insurance for those 65+ and their spouses • Unemployment compensation system based on tax of employers • Money to families with dependent children and /disabilities

29. Regulating Utilities • Rural Electrification Act 1935 • Financed and helped bring electricity to farm areas • 90% had electric by 1949 • Public Utility Holding Company Act • Outlawed the ownership of utilities by multiple holding companies • Stopped corruption

30. Section 3 The New Deal Affects many Groups • Women • Eleanor Roosevelt- • Worked for women’s rights and minority rights • 1939 arranged for Marian Anderson to sing on steps of Lincoln Memorial when she was denied due to race to sing in the DAR’s concert hall “ A women is like a teabag. You never know how strong she is until she is in hot water”

31. First woman to chair a committee in the SenateHattie Caraway (D-AR) was the first woman to chair a Senate committee in 1933.

32. First African-American woman elected to CongressShirley Chisholm (D-NY) was elected to the House of Representatives in 1968.

33. First Hispanic woman elected to CongressIleana Ros-Lehtinen (R-FL) was elected to the House of Representatives in 1989

34. Women of the New Deal • Frances Perkins-first female Cabinet member • Secretary of Labor • Created social security system and Fair Labor Standards Act

35. Women of the New Deal • Mary McLeod Bethune- • Headed Division of Negro Affairs of NYO • Helped organized “Black Cabinet” • Started Bethune-Cookman College in Daytona Fla. For women

36. FDR and Civil Rights • FDR never committed to civil rights laws • Refused to approve federal antilynching laws and poll taxes • TVA and CCC paid whites more • 1934 Southern Tenant Farmers Union was formed to help white and black tenant farmers

37. Mexican – Americans and the New Deal • Supported the New Deal • Worked as laborers on farms • Were often not in CCC and WPA programs because of no permanent addresses • Discriminated against • Received lower pay

38. Native Americans and the New Deal • John Collier- Commissioner on Indian Affairs • Helped create Indian Reorganization Act 1934 • Economic goals- Native American lands would belong to an entire tribe- prohibited government from taking the lands and selling to others • Cultural – boarding schools were reduced- children could attend schools on reservations • Political – tribes given permission to elect tribal councils to govern themselves

39. The New Deal Coalition • The New Deal Coalition – diverse groups dedicated to supporting the Democratic Party • Labor Unions grow- Wagner Act helped • Affected coal, rubber, automobile and electrical industries • 1938 Congress of Industrial Organizations- formed to include women, African Americans and minorities in non-skilled industries

40. The MOVIES By the end of the 1930’s, 65% of the population went to the cinema “Gone With The Wind” –story by Martha Mitchell , starring Clark Gable and Vivien Leigh Culture of the DepressionSection 4

41. More Movies Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs Wizard of Oz Duck Soup- the Marx Brothers The Public Enemy

42. Radio Used by FDR for Fireside Chats By the end of the 30’s nearly 90% of all homes had one. Orson Welles- “War of the Worlds” George Burns and Gracie Allen Bob Hope Bing Crosby “The Lone Ranger”

43. Art • Federal Art Project part of WPA paid artists a living wage to produce public art. • Grant Wood painted “The American Gothic”

44. Music • The WPA also sponsored musicians • Woody Guthrie traveled through the USA and sang about the plight of the Depression people

45. Literature The Grapes of Wrath by Steinbeck Story about the plight of the Okies who traveled to California due to the Dust Bowl Our Town by Thornton Wilder about life in a small New England town

46. Section 5Impact of the New Deal • 1937- New Deal Programs seem to be working • Industries were producing more • More people were employed • Congress pressured FDR to scale back programs • Resulted in lower production and higher unemployment • 1939 relatively ends the New Deal • Bigger problems overseas exist

47. Legacies of New Deal • Government will play a larger role • In the Economy • Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation • Protects deposits today to $100,000 • Securities and Exchange Commission • Stops insider trading • National Labor Relation Board • Settles labor disputes and strikes

48. More legacies • In society • Social Security • Has been expanded to include many with disabilities/deceased • Agricultural Adjustment Act • Creates parity of prices so farmers can compete • In environment • Tennessee Valley Authority • More government funding goes to preventing floods, national park lands, etc. • Today the government pays for the construction of levees in Louisiana