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Experimental Psychology. Experimental Clinical Counseling School Emotional Developmental Personality Social. Environmental Industrial/ Organizational Health Consumer. Special Areas in Psychology. Experimental Psychology. Research on learning, cognition, sensation, perception
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Experimental Clinical Counseling School Emotional Developmental Personality Social Environmental Industrial/ Organizational Health Consumer Special Areas in Psychology
Experimental Psychology • Research on learning, cognition, sensation, perception • Biological basis of both human and animal behavior
Clinical Psychologists • They treat people with psychological problems like depression and schizophrenia • They administer tests, counsel, and conduct research • Psychiatrists
Counseling Psychologists • They help people clarify their goals and make life decisions • The school setting
Educational Psychologists • They study issues relating to the measurement of intelligence and the processes involved in educational and academic achievement • They usually work in schools and conduct research
Developmental Psychologists • They focus on processes that influence social, cognitive, and physical growth, as well as personality development • They study both “nature” and “nurture”
Personality Psychologists • They study the psychological characteristics and behavior that distinguishes us as individuals • They examine personality traits
Social Psychologists • They study how specific groups or society in general can influence individual behavior and outlook • Research focuses on attitudes, prejudice, conformity, obedience
Environmental Psychologists • They study relationships between psychological factors and physical health
Industrial/ Organizational Psychologists • They study people’s behavior at work or school • Conduct research in academic/work settings • Human factors research
Health Psychologists • They focus on the relationship between psychological factors and physical health • How to quit smoking, avoiding risky sexual behavior
Consumer Psychologists • They study why people purchase particular products and brands • They examine consumer attitudes
Wilhelm Wundt (1832–1920) • He used introspection as a research technique • Wundt’s lab
Edward Titchener (1867–1927) • Structuralism (an early school of psychology) • The mind is structured by breaking down mental experiences into their components • G. Stanley Hall, American Psychological Association
William James and Functionalism • The school of psychology that focuses on the adaptive functions of behavior • The study of why we do what we do • The influence of Darwin
John Watson • Behaviorism—the study of overt behavior • He rejected introspection • Psychology should become a science of behavior • Environment molds the behavior of us all
B.F. Skinner (1904-1990) • Behaviorism gets a boost from Skinner • Behavior is shaped by rewards and punishment
Gestalt Psychology • Max Wertheimer • Gestalt studies the ways in which the brain organizes and structures our perceptions • The whole is greater than the sum of its parts
Sigmund Freud • The unconscious mind • We do and say things without understanding our motives
The Empirical Approach • A method of developing knowledge based on gathering evidence, performing experiments, or careful observation • Psychologists need to distinguish between inference and observation
The Scientific Method • A framework for acquiring knowledge through observation and experimentation (4 steps) — Come up with a question — Develop a hypothesis — Gather evidence — Draw conclusions
Research Questions • Sources used: observation, previous experiences, beliefs • Questions eventually become hypotheses
The Hypothesis • A precise prediction about the outcome of an experiment • Example: Is there a relationship between reckless driving and gender? • Dependent vs. independent variables
Gathering Evidence • Develop a research design or strategy to provide a scientific test of the hypothesis • The type of research used depends on what a researcher wants to try to measure
Drawing Conclusions About The Hypothesis • Conclusions about the hypothesis are based on the evidence collected • Statistics • Replication
Selecting a Sample • Random sampling • The sample needs to be representative • Generalize or transfer
Stratified Samples • Selecting individuals from a larger group based on age, sex, ethnicity, etc.
Research Methods • The case study method • The survey method • The naturalistic observation method • The experimental method • The longitudinal method • The cross sectional method
The Case Study Method • An in-depth study of one or more individuals • Information collected from interviews, observation, written records, artwork • The work of Jean Piaget
The Artwork of Mental Patients Using artwork as a research tool
Review • If you were a psychologist, what general observations could you make about the artwork of mental patients? • How are colors important in the psychology of art? Remembering the drawings made by Joanne. Explain how her progression of self-portraits reflects her psychological improvement.
The Survey Method • Uses structured interviews or questionnaires to gather information about groups of people • Disadvantages
Common Uses of and Concerns about the Survey Method • Anonymity: Subjects may open up more than in other situations • Studies about mental health or consumer satisfaction • Social desirability bias and volunteer bias
Naturalistic Observation Method • Based on careful observation of behavior in natural settings without interfering • What researchers have learned using this technique • Problems
Longitudinal Studies • The same person or group of persons are studied at regular intervals over a period of time • Used to determine whether people’s behavior/feelings have changed • An example
Cross-Sectional Studies • Data is collected from groups of participants of different ages • Data is compared, conclusions are drawn • Advantages, disadvantages
