Marine Pollution

1. Marine Pollution

2. Marine Pollutants • Petroleum hydrocarbons • Plastics • Pesticides • Heavy metals • Sewage • Radioactive waste • Thermal effluents

4. Petroleum Hydrocarbons Oil drums on a beach in Pulau Redang, Malaysia.

5. Petroleum Hydrocarbons Midway Atoll National Wildlife Refuge 100,000 gallons jet fuel spilled 2003.

6. Petroleum Hydrocarbons Casitas NOAA Marine debris vessel Annual collection of 100 metric tons of debris July 5, 2005 Debris cleanup ship grounded 7/5/2005 has aboard 30,000 gallons of diesel fuel, 3,000 gallons of gasoline and 200 gallons of lubricating oil

7. Exxon Valdez (1989)- Prince William Sound, Alaska • 10 million gallons of oil spilled • 400 miles of shore line affected • $3 billion and 2 summers cleaning

8. Spain November 19, 2002 • The Prestige: a 26-year-old Bahamas-flagged single hulled vessel • Sunk with 20 million gallons of viscous fuel oil • Hundreds of miles of rugged coastline have been fouled by the stricken Prestige's cargo, destroying wildlife and wrecking the area's renowned fisheries and shellfish industry. incident sinking Lifeboat w/ dead bird

9. Persian Gulf War (1991) • 240 million gallons of oil spilled

10. BP offshore drilling rig (Deepwater Horizon) April 20, 2010; 50 miles off Louisiana Spilling 5,000 barrels/day = 200,000 gal/day

11. Containing oil spills: • Floating booms- contain oil and then pump into other ship • Burning oil off • Chemical dispersants • Bioremediation- bacteria

12. Containing oil spills: • Hair Booms

13. Relative amts of petroleum in the ocean: River runoff 31.1% Tanker operations 21.8% Coastal facilities 13.1% Atmospheric fallout 9.8% Natural seepage 9.8% Other transportation activities 9.8% Tanker accidents 3.3% Offshore petroleum production 1.3%

14. Plastics • 100,000 marine mammals & 2 million sea birds die each year after ingesting or being trapped in plastic debris • WHOI 1987 survey off N.E. coast of U.S.: found 46,000 pieces of plastic floating on surface

15. North Pacific Subtropical Gyre • “Great Pacific Garbage Patch” • Estimate: 46,000 pieces of floating garbage/mi2.

16. North Pacific Subtropical Gyre 135° to 155°W and 35° to 42°N

17. North Pacific Subtropical Gyre Great Pacific Garbage Patch- Good Morning America 2010 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uLrVCI4N67M&feature=player_embedded http://marinedebris.noaa.gov/info/patch.html#6

18. Northwest Hawaiian Islands

19. Laysan Island hypersaline lake (120-140o/oo) Large bird rookery and guano mining In 1857, reported 800,000 birds.

20. Sooty tern Laysan albatross Laysan finch

21. Laysan Island

22. Bits and pieces of plastic are collected at sea and deposited on the Laysan Lake shoreline

23. A dead Laysan Albatross chick with seven bottle tops in its gullet. Adult Albatross feed on flying fish eggs that the adult fish attach to floating debris.

24. 2004-2007 Barber’s Point

25. Japan Tsunami 2011 Prediction of Marine Debris Drifting Trajectories Hawaii http://www.hawaii247.com/2011/04/07/tsunami-2011-japan-debris-likely-to-hit-hawaii-twice/

26. Pesticides & Herbicides • Designed to kill a variety of pests, such as mosquitoes, agricultural pests and weeds. • Toxin enters food chain and effects non targeted species • Pesticide toxicity often effects human health Rachael Carson- Silent Spring Bioaccumulation  biomagnification

27. Pesticides Halogenated hydrocarbons or organochlorines: Include DDT and PCBs, which are slow to biodegrade • Dichloro-diphenyl-trichloro-ethane (DDT): • used as a pesticidefrom 1939-late 1960s • fatsoluble compound • the world’s production has substantially decreased since it was banned in the West • detected in mud of deep sea and snow & ice of Antarctica

28. Polychloronated biphenyls (PCBs) • produced since 1944 • banned in U.S. by 1979 • used in production of electrical equipment, paints, plastics, adhesives, and coating compounds… • found everywhere in the ocean • released in env. by unregulated incineration of discarded products • DDT & PCBs affects: • copepod and oyster development • death of shrimp and a variety of fish

29. Biomagnification

30. Toxic Metals Hg, Pb, Cd, Cu Heavy metals resist biodegradation Natural occurrence- volcanoes • Mercury (Hg)- toxic when attached to short carbon-chain alkyl group, strongly neurotoxic, birthdefects • Lead (Pb)- from batteries, sewage, fuel additives, neurotoxic effects, mental development in children • Cadmium (Cd)- from batteries, sewage, electroplating factories, effects on human kidney function, bone deformities

31. Heavy Metals • Minamata Disease (1953-1960)– Japan • Industrial pollution from plastic plant; dumped mercuric chloride into bay • Ingestion of Hg tainted shellfish  43 dead and 700 permanently disabled • Symptoms: kidney damage, neuromuscular deterioration, birth defects,insanity,   death • Bay is still unusable for fishing and shell fishing • Surviving victims received $24,200 as settlement

32. Cu: • Tributyl tin (antifouling paint for boats) • Banned in U.S. 1980s • Acts as an immunosuppressor • Accumulations unusually high in small whales • May be associated with strandings • Pac Baroness – freighter carrying 21,000 metric tons of finely powdered Cu sank in 448 m in 1987 of coast of central CA • Tainted water detected 41km down current of wreck • Major fishing zone for rock cod and Dover sole

33. Pb: • Leaded gasoline invented 1920’s • Enters water from automobile exhaust, runoff and atmospheric fallout of industrial waste and landfills, mines, dumps • Leaded gas banned in US in 1980’s has reduced pollution in ocean Bioaccumulation  biomagnification

34. Point Source Pollution Sewage • Causes disease outbreaks • Contributes to eutrophication

35. 6/13/2006 Raw sewage dump in Ala Wai. Beaches Close! 48 million gallons • Why? • 40 straight days of rain • 42-inch pressurized underground pipe broke during heavy rains

36. Disease

37. Sewage Discharge and Agricultural Runoff • nutrient enrichment of coastal waters • physiological consequences on corals • ecological consequences • phytoplankton bloom reduces light penetration • benthic seaweeds overgrow and smother corals

38. Nutrients and Algae Growth

39. Radioactive waste

40. Atomic Testing

41. Atomic Testing Coral reef at Enewetak Atoll, former nuclear test site.

42. Ocean Dumping USSR total > 10 million Curies Three Mile Island (‘79) = 17 Curies Chernobyl (‘86) = 100 million Curies Great Britain US Other Switzerland

43. Soviet Union’s Atomic Dumping Ground Arctic Ocean Moscow Russia

44. Thermal Effluents Power plants

45. Non-Point Source Pollution Constructed 1920-28 to reduce mosquitoes, but failed. Ala Wai

46. Sediment Runoff

47. Sediment Plume Entering the Ocean(Maui)

48. Corals Smothered in Sediment

49. Pflueger at Pila’a, Kauai $7.5 million for Clean Water Act violations

50. Types of Non-Point Source Pollution • sediments from coastal urban and agricultural development • nutrients from detergents, fertilizers, leaky septic tanks, and domesticated animals • pesticides (home use, agricultural, & golf courses)