Marine Pollution

1. 018 Marine Pollution

2. Marine Pollution

3. Marine Pollutants • Petroleum hydrocarbons • Plastics • Pesticides • Heavy metals • Sewage • Radioactive waste • Thermal effluents

4. Pollutants Entering the Ocean Litter 5% Industrial wastewater 5% Offshore oil 10% Marine transportation 10% Air pollutants 20% Farm runoff 20%

5. Petroleum Hydrocarbons Midway Atoll National Wildlife Refuge 100,000 gallons jet fuel spilled 2003.

6. Petroleum Hydrocarbons Casitas Pearl & Hermes Atoll Debris cleanup ship grounded 7/5/2005 has aboard 30,000 gallons of diesel fuel, 3,000 gallons of gasoline and 200 gallons of lubricating oil

7. Exxon Valdez (1989)- Prince William Sound, Alaska • 10 million gallons of oil spilled • 400 miles of shore line affected • $3 billion and 2 summers cleaning

8. Spain November 19, 2002 • The Prestige: a 26-year-old Bahamas-flagged single hulled vessel • Sunk with 20 million gallons of viscous fuel oil • Hundreds of miles of rugged coastline have been fouled by the stricken Prestige's cargo, destroying wildlife and wrecking the area's renowned fisheries and shellfish industry. incident sinking Lifeboat w/ dead bird

9. Persian Gulf War (1991) • 240 million gallons of oil spilled

10. BP offshore drilling rig (Deepwater Horizon) April 20, 2010; 50 miles off Louisiana Spilling 5,000 barrels/day = 200,000 gal/day Estimated 206 million gallons spilled

11. Containing oil spills: • Floating booms- contain oil and then pump into other ship • Burning oil off • Chemical dispersants • Bioremediation- bacteria

12. Containing oil spills: • Hair Booms

13. Relative amts of petroleum in the ocean: River runoff 31.1% Tanker operations 21.8% Coastal facilities 13.1% Atmospheric fallout 9.8% Natural seepage 9.8% Other transportation activities 9.8% Tanker accidents 3.3% Offshore petroleum production 1.3%

14. Plastics • 100,000 marine mammals & 2 million sea birds die each year after ingesting or being trapped in plastic debris • WHOI 1987 survey off N.E. coast of U.S.: found 46,000 pieces of plastic floating on surface

15. North Pacific Subtropical Gyre • “Great Pacific Garbage Patch” • Estimate: 46,000 pieces of floating garbage/mi2.

16. North Pacific Subtropical Gyre 135° to 155°W and 35° to 42°N

17. North Pacific Subtropical Gyre Great Pacific Garbage Patch- Good Morning America 2010 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uLrVCI4N67M&feature=player_embedded http://marinedebris.noaa.gov/info/patch.html#6

18. Marine pollution: nets and plastic debris Papahānaumokuākea Marine National Monument

19. Marine pollution: nets and plastic debris Laysan Island hypersaline lake (120-140o/oo) Large bird rookery and guano mining In 1857, reported 800,000 birds.

20. Marine pollution: nets and plastic debris Laysan albatross Laysan ducks Sooty tern Laysan finch

21. Marine pollution: nets and plastic debris Laysan Island

22. Marine pollution: nets and plastic debris Bits and pieces of plastic are collected at sea and deposited on the Laysan Lake shoreline

23. Albatross Chick

25. 2004-2007 Barber’s Point

26. Japan Tsunami 2011 Prediction of Marine Debris Drifting Trajectories Hawaii http://www.hawaii247.com/2011/04/07/tsunami-2011-japan-debris-likely-to-hit-hawaii-twice/

27. Nontoxic Chemical Spills • Sept. 10, 2013 • 233,000 gallons molasses spilled (1400 tons) • Matson Pier on the Sand Island side of Honolulu Harbor westward into Ke’ehi Lagoon • 30,000 fish dead

28. Toxic Chemical Spills

29. Pesticides, Herbicides & other organochlorines • PCBs • DDT Bioaccumulation biomagnification

30. Biomagnification

31. Toxic Metals Heavy metals resist biodegredation Natural occurrence- volcanoes • Mercury (Hg) • Copper (Cu) • Lead (Pb) • Cadmium (Cd)

32. Mercury Minamata Disease (1953-1960)– Japan

34. Copper • Tributyl tin (antifouling paint for boats) • Banned in U.S. 1980s • Acts as an immunosuppressor • Accumulations unusually high in small whales • May be associated with strandings

35. Lead • Leaded gasoline invented 1920’s • Enters water from automobile exhaust, runoff and atmospheric fallout of industrial waste and landfills, mines, dumps • Leaded gas banned in US in 1980’s has reduced pollution in ocean Bioaccumulation  biomagnification

37. Coral Bleaching healthy coral: zooxanthellae in tissue of polyp bleached coral: zooxanthellae expelled from tissue (reversible) dead coral: skeleton covered in algae

38. Coral Bleaching Thermal Effluents and Coral Bleaching

39. Coral Bleaching

40. Some causes of coral bleaching • Unusually high or low temperatures • Unusually high or low salinity • High amounts of visible or ultraviolet light • Sedimentation • High levels of nutrients (sewage, etc.) • High levels of toxins (pesticides, etc.)

41. Ocean Acidification No mortality Coral calcification rate reduced 15-20% Skeletal density decreased, branches thinner No evidence of acclimation

42. Point Source Pollution Sewage • Causes disease outbreaks • Contributes to eutrophication

43. 6/13/2006 Raw sewage dump in Ala Wai. Beaches Close! 48 million gallons Why? • 40 straight days of rain • 42-inch pressurized underground pipe broke during heavy rains

44. Disease

45. Sewage Discharge and Agricultural Runoff • nutrient enrichment of coastal waters • physiological consequences on corals • ecological consequences • phytoplankton bloom reduces light penetration • benthic seaweeds overgrow and smother corals

46. Nutrients and Algae Growth

47. Radioactive waste

48. Atomic Testing

49. Atomic Testing

50. Atomic Testing Coral reef at Enewetak Atoll, former nuclear test site.