Phrases, Clauses, Sentences, and How to Punctuate Them A Text Book Created by __________________

1. Phrases, Clauses, Sentences, and How to Punctuate Them A Text Book Created by __________________

2. Completing your Grammar Text Book1. Each slide equals one page in your book. 2. Write on the front and back of each page.3. Write neatly and clearly. 4. Copy down the notes exactly as they appear.5. Space your notes so that they take up the entire page: leave space after main headings and subheadings, etc.6. Color code your notes by underlining headings, subheadings, and examples in color as they appear on the slide.7. The detective icon is your signal to find a definition and/or examples in your Elements of Language text book and/or the novel you are currently reading.

3. 1 The Phrase The Prepositional Phrase Common Prepositions

4. 1 The Phrase A phrase is a group of words that function as a single part of speech and that does not contain both a verb and its subject. The Prepositional Phrase A prepositional phrase begins with a preposition and ends with a noun or pronoun (object of the preposition). Common Prepositions

5. Examples of Prepositional Phrases 2 Text: Elements of Language 1. 2. Novel: _________________________ 1. 2. 3.

6. 2 Examples of Prepositional Phrases Text: Elements of Language prep. object 1. Into the thick mistvanished the carriage. prep. object 2. LinhPhan has the lead in the school play. prep. object objectprep. object 3. Come with Rick and meto the concert. Novel: _________________________ 1. 2. 3.

7. 3 Adjective & Adverb Phrases Examples of Adjective Phrases Text: Elements of Language 1. 2.  

8. 3 Adjective & Adverb Phrases Adjective PhrasesBothAdverb Phrases Which one? Both are When? Where? What kind? Prepositional How? Why? Phrases How often? How long? How many? To what extent? How much? They modify nouns Both modify They modify verbs, And pronouns something else adjectives, or adverbs in a sentence Examples of Adjective Phrases Text: Elements of Language 1. Rosa chose the one with blue stripes.(which one?) 2. We bought a CD by Janet Jackson. (what kind?)

9. 4 Examples of Adverb Phrases Text: Elements of Language 1. 2. The Participial Phrase

10. 4 Examples of Adverb Phrases Text: Elements of Language 1. The cavalry will reach the fort by noon. (when?) • We got our new puppy at the animal shelter. (where?) The Participial Phrase A participial phrase consists of a participle and its modifiers. The entire phrase acts as an adjective. Participle = a verb acting as an adjective

11. 5 Examples of Participial Phrases Text: Elements of Language 1. 2. Novel: _________________________ 1. 2.

12. 5 Examples of Participial Phrases Text: Elements of Language subject verb 1. Stretching slowly, the cat jumped down from the windowsill. subject verb 2. The tornado predicted by the meteorologistdid not verb hit our area. Novel: _________________________ 1. 2.

13. 6 The Infinitive Phrase Examples of Infinitive Phrases Text: Elements of Language 1. 2. Novel: _________________________ 1. 2.

14. The Infinitive Phrase 6 An infinitive phrase consists of an infinitive and its modifiers. The entire phrase may be used as a noun, an adjective, or an adverb. Infinitive = to + verb Examples of Infinitive Phrases Text: Elements of Language noun/subject verb 1. To be a good gymnast takes hard work. verb subject adj. adverb • Are you ready to go to the gym now? Novel: ________________________ 1. 2.

15. 7 The Appositive Phrase Examples of Appositive Phrases Text: Elements of Language 1. 2. Novel: _________________________ 1. 2.

16. 7 The Appositive Phrase An appositive phrase renames or explains the word before it. Examples of Appositive Phrases Text: Elements of Language 1. Jamaica, a popular island for tourists, is in the Non-essential info. = commas Caribbean Sea. 2. May I introduce you to Vernon, my cousin from Non-essential info. = commas Jamaica. 3. My sister Alicia is at basketball practice. Essential info. = no commas Novel: _________________________ 1. 2.

17. 8 The Clause The Independent Clause (main clause) Examples of Independent Clauses Text: Elements of Language 1. 2. 3. Novel: _______________________________ 1.

18. 8 The Clause A clause is a group of words that contains a verb and its subject and that is used as a sentence or as part of a sentence. The Independent Clause (main clause) An independent clause expresses a complete thought and can stand by itself as a sentence. Examples of Independent Clauses Text: Elements of Language 1. My mother drove me to school. 2. My mother drove me to school, but my brother rode his bicycle. 3. Since I missed the bus, my mother drove me to school. Novel: _______________________________ 1.

19. 9 The Subordinate Clause (dependent clause) The Adjective Clause

20. 9 The Subordinate Clause (dependent clause) A subordinate clause does NOT express a complete thought and cannot stand alone as a sentence. Since I missed the bus, my mother drove me to school. Two kinds of subordinate clauses are the Adjective Clause and the Adverb Clause. The Adjective Clause An adjective clause modifies a noun or pronoun. Adjective clauses begin with Relative Pronouns: that whom which whose who

21. 10 Examples of Adjective Clauses Text: Elements of Language 1. 2. Novel: _______________________________ 1. 2.

22. 10 Examples of Adjective Clauses Text: Elements of Language noun 1. A snorkel is a hallow tube that lets a diver breath underwater. Pronoun 2. Those whose library books are overduemust pay fines. Novel: _______________________________ 1. 2.

23. 11 The Adverb Clause Examples of Adverb Clauses Text: Elements of Language 1. 2. 3. Novel: _______________________________ 1. 2.

24. 11 The Adverb Clause An adverb clause modifies a verb, an adjective, or an adverb. Adverb clauses begin with a subordinating conjunction: Examples of Adverb Clauses Text: Elements of Language 1. I feel as though I will never catch up. 2. After I finish painting my bookcases, I will call you. 3. I have more work to do today because I didn’t paintyesterday. Novel: _______________________________ 1. 2.

25. 12 The Sentence The Simple Sentence The Compound Sentence Coordinating Conjunctions

26. 12 The Sentence The Simple Sentence One complete thought – an independent clause The Compound Sentence A compound sentence consists of two or more independent clauses joined by a comma and a coordinating conjunction or a semicolon. You can remember the coordinating conjunctions with the word FANBOYS: Coordinating Conjunctions For But And Or Nor Yet So

27. 13 Examples of Compound Sentences Text: Elements of Language 1.  2.  3. Novel: ________________________ 1. 2.

28. Examples of Compound Sentences 13 Text: Elements of Language 1. Kathryn’s scene is in the last act of the play, so she must wait in the wings for her cue. 2. No one was injured in the fire, but several home were destroyed, and many trees burned down. 3. No one was injured in the fire; several homes weredestroyed, and many trees burned down. Novel: ________________________ 1. 2.

29. 14 The Complex Sentence Examples of Complex Sentences Text: Elements of Language 1. 2. Novel: ____________________________ 1. 2.

30. 14 The Complex Sentence A complex sentence consists of one independent clause and at least one subordinate clause. Examples of Complex Sentences Text: Elements of Language 1. When I hear classical music, I think of Aunt Sofia. 2. Helen Keller, who overcame severe physical impair- ments, showed great determination. Novel: ____________________________ 1. 2.

31. 15 The Compound-Complex Sentence Examples of Compound-Complex Sentences  Text: Elements of Language 1. 2. Novel: ____________________________ 1. 2.

32. 15 The Compound-Complex Sentence A compound-complex sentence contains two or more independent clauses and at least one subordinate clause. Examples of Compound-Complex Sentences  Text: Elements of Language 1. The band began to play, and Clarissa was pulled onto the floor for a dancethat was starting. 2. Whenever we go on vacation,our neighbors mow our yard, and they collect our mail. Novel: ____________________________ 1. 2.

33. 16 Punctuation The Comma , 1. …to separate lists of words, phrases, and clauses: Words: We visited cities, people,and parks. Phrases: He worked in the morning,at dusk, and in the evening. Clauses:She developed the photos,I enlarged them, and Tim put them in frames. 2. …between adjectives: We saw a run-down, rusty car outside. 3. …before the conjunction in a compound sentence: We wanted a picture of the sunrise, butit rained that day. (fanboy)

34. 17 4. …dates & locations: Saturday, July 20 Phoenix, Arizona London, England 5. …around an interrupter or an appositive: His hope,of course, was that she would return. Joe, my uncle, laughed at the joke. 6. …after an introductory phrase: To succeed in school, you must study. No, we don’t need any more supplies.

35. 18 Examples of Commas Novel: _________________________ Rule # ___: Rule # ___: Rule # ___:

36. 19 The Semicolon ; 1. …in place of a coordinating conjunction:   Shelly’s birthstone is a ruby; Faith’s is an opal. 2. …to separate three or more independent clauses: The birds vanished; the sky grew dark;the little pond was still. 3. …Semicolon Comma “Combo” Use a semicolon and a comma with words like also, besides, furthermore, however, as a result, at this time, consequently … I like the color of the leaves in October; however, I do not like raking them.

37. 20 Examples of Semicolons Novel: _________________________ 1. 2. 3. The Colon : 1. …formal greeting - Dear Sir: 2. …time - 8:30 AM 3. …before a list - In music we study these composers: Copland, Ives, and Barber.

38. 21 DO NOT USE A COLON AFTER A VERB OR A PREPOSITION Incorrect: Bring:a book, a pencil, and paper.Correct: Bring the following: a book, a pencil, and paper. Incorrect: The program consists of:a solo, a duet, and a trio.   Correct: The program consists of these acts: a solo, a duet, and a trio. Examples of Colons  Novel: ____________________________ 1. 2.