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Phrases and Clauses. 8 th Grade Language Arts Mrs. Brunner. Phrase. A group of words that is used as a single part of speech It does NOT contain a subject or predicate Each type of phrases can be used as an adjective or an adverb Example of adjectival phrase
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Phrases and Clauses 8th Grade Language Arts Mrs. Brunner
Phrase • A group of words that is used as a single part of speech • It does NOT contain a subject or predicate • Each type of phrases can be used as an adjective or an adverb • Example of adjectival phrase • Mrs. Brunner and Mrs. Louden are part of St. Joseph School. • Example of adverbial phrase • In the 1960s, Mrs. Delio wore an Afro and a mini-skirt.
Types of Phrases • 1. Prepositional • Has a preposition, object of preposition and modifiers of the preposition • Begins with preposition, ends with a noun • Adverbial prepositional phrase • Mr. Brunner was a Marine in 1970. • phrase modifies the verb ‘was’ • Adjectival prepositional phrase • Mr. Brunner was weapons expert within the United States Marine Corp. • Phrase modifies the noun ‘expert’
Types of Phrases • 2. Participial • Made up of a present or past participle and the words that go along with it • Always adjectival, can’t be adverbial • Example • Participating in every major US war, Mr. Brunner is a decorated hero. • Phrase describes the proper noun Mr. Brunner
Phrases • 3. Infinitive • Made up of to and it’s base verb (ex. to serve), plus the any words that go along with it • can act as an adjective, adverb, or a noun • Begins with to and verb • Adjective example • A good way to serve the country is in the Marine Corp. • Phrase modifies the noun ‘way’ • Adverb example • It was good enough to be in the Marine Corp. • Phrase modifies the adjective ‘enough’ • Noun example • To serve his country is the reason that he became a Marine. • Phrase is acting and a noun (the subject of sentence)
Phrases - The Big Point… • A phrase is a group of words used as a singlepart of speech • Mostly used as an adjective or adverb • Does not have a subject or predicate • There are 3 types of phrases; know them • There are certain clues to identify the type; know them
Clauses • Group of words that contains a subject and predicate • Ex. • 2 types: • Dependant - • Independent - • Each clause acts as either an adjective or adverb
Adjectival Clauses • Is a dependant clause • Describes a noun or pronoun • Most begin with a relative pronoun • Who, whom, whose, which, that • Some begin with a subordinate conjunction • Where, when, why • Antecedent – word that relative pronoun refers to • Ex. I attend St. Joseph school, which is in Downingtown. • What is the clause? Relative pronoun? Antecedent?
Identify the adjectival clause and the noun/pronoun it describes. • 1. I traveled to the land of 8A with my friend Steve, who invited me on the trip. • 2. Steve is a person whose ideas of adventure always turn out to be exciting. • 3. We headed to the playground which was covered with snow. • 4. It seemed suited to the people who like to play in the cold. • 5. Can you answer exercises 2 and 3 on pg. 145?
Restrictive and Nonrestrictive Adjectival Clauses • Restrictive – clause is essential to the meaning of sentence • Doesn’t have comas • Relative pronoun ‘that’ is usually used • Nonrestrictive – clause that is not essential to the meaning of the sentence • Has comas • Proper noun usually follows the clause • Relative pronoun ‘which’ is usually used
Restrictive and Nonrestrictive Clauses • Identify the clause and if it is restrictive or nonrestrictive. What are your clues? • 1. Math class, which is taught by Mrs. Louden, is the best in the school. • 2. The page has more than 50 problems, which need to be done in order. • 3. The benefits that are provided by math include intelligence, problem solving, and happiness.
Adverbial Clauses • Dependant clauses that act as adverbs or give information about verbs, adjectives, or other adverbs • Ex. Where ever they went, 8A was respected by all of the other students.
Common Adverbs • List the adverbs from page 148 in your text.
Clauses – The Big Point… • Group of words that have a subject and predicate • 2 types: dependant and independent • Act like adjectives and adverbs • If you know your adverbs, it is easier to identify
Review exercise • Identify the dependent clause. Tell whether it is adjectival or adverbial. • 1. Nobody knows 8A’s fate when they graduated from St. Joseph school. • 2. Perhaps Katarina became a millionaire, unless she married Matt Honjnacki. • 3. The book Jessica wrote, which was called Trials of a Middle School Student, was a best seller. • 4. So you don’t get lost at Shanahan, you should take a tour first.
