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Introduction to Measurement and Evaluation. PE 254. Test and Data. Test: An instrument or activity used to accumulate data on a person’s ability to perform a specified task. In kinesiology the content of these tests are usually either cognitive, skill, or fitness.
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Test and Data • Test: An instrument or activity used to accumulate data on a person’s ability to perform a specified task. In kinesiology the content of these tests are usually either cognitive, skill, or fitness. • Data: The translation of behavior into a numerical or verbal descriptor which is then recorded in written form.
Why Administer Tests? • To measure individual differences on a specific trait (behavior). • Discussion: Is a test “good” if everyone/anyone scores 100%? Or, is a test “good” if everyone/anyone scores 0%?
Use of Tests • Motivation • Achievement • Improvement • Diagnosis • Prescription • Grading • Classification • Prediction
Administrative Concerns in Test Selection Relevance Education value Economic value Time Norms Bias Safety
Measurement • A measurement takes place when a “test” is given and a “score” is obtained . • If the test collects quantitative data, the score is a number. • If the test collects qualitative data, the score may be a phrase or word such as “excellent.”
Definitions of Measurement • The systematic assignment of numerical values (quantitative) or verbal descriptors (qualitative) to the characteristics of objects or individuals; designation of the status of such characteristics.
Measurement Process Involves Four Steps • Define the characteristics that you want to measure. • Select the appropriate test. This may also mean to select the appropriate testing instrument. • Administer the test. If an instrument is involved in the testing, this also means to use the instrument correctly. • Collect and record the measurement from the test.
Considerations When Taking Measurements • Remember that you are measuring a characteristic of the person—you are not measuring the person themselves; thus, make no judgments about the person. • Make no comical remarks regarding the collected data. • Have a high ethical standards when collecting the data. • Be professional.
Subjective vs. Objective Measurement • A subjective measurement is one that can possibly be interrupted differently. • An objective measurement is one that cannot be interpreted differently because of numerical values.
Discussion • Every time you go to a doctor’s office, they weigh you. Let’s say you weigh 140 pounds. Did your measurement of 140 pounds come from a test? Why or why not?
Evaluation • Definition 1: The process of making judgments about the results of measurement in terms of the purpose of the measurement. • Definition 2: The process of obtaining information (data) and using it to form judgments, which in turn are used in decision making.
Steps Involved in Making an Evaluation • Define the objective or the purpose of the test. • Measure the performance or administer the test. • Find or develop a standard. • Compare a person’s performance on the test to a standard. • Make the evaluation then discuss and distribute the results in the most appropriate manner.
Formative & Summative Evaluation Formative evaluation: If the evaluation is at the beginning or during. Summative evaluation: If the evaluation is at the end.
Norms Evaluations are often based on norms: Local norm: Norms based on a relatively small group of subjects. Ex: Pull-up norms for 7th grade boys at one school. State norms: Norms that are representative of all similar subjects in the state. Ex: CAHPERD fitness norms for 7th grade boys. National norms: Norms that are representative of all similar subjects in the United States. Ex: AAHPERD fitness norms for 7th grade girls.
Reliability • Reliability defined as the consistency of an individual when repeatedly performing the same test. • Example: If a group of people take the same test on two different days, the scores obtained should be approximately the same. • A reliable test will yield data that are stable, repeatable, and precise. • Reliability of a test refers to the dependability of test scores.
Validity • The American Psychological Association (APA) reported that validity is the most important characteristic to a test or measuring instrument. • The validity of each test can only be evaluated in terms of a particular purpose and for a particular group. • Example: A strength test that is valid for college-aged students is not necessarily valid for sedentary adults.
Group Activities • Identify the reliability and validity for administering the 1.5-mile run in college-aged students. • Identify the reliability and validity for administering a standing broad jump in elementary school students.